Logotherapy and existential analysis

About psychotherapeutic methods, which focuses on the search for the meaning of being a man

About the support drug therapy for neuroses

Beta-phenyl-isopropylamine sulfate - a drug that has the trade name "Benzedrine" - is ephedrine-like substance that acts primarily on the central nervous system, but it has virtually no effect on the autonomic system; initially quite successfully used for the treatment of narcolepsy and postencephalitic parkinsonism. Later attempts to use the euphoric effect of the drug, discovered by Nathanson and Davidoff and Reyfenshteynom in studies in healthy subjects and in the treatment of depressive states (Wilbur, McLean and Allen). Such attempts have shown that in cases with a predominance of psychomotor agitation, without inhibitions about 70% achieved a positive effect, but only in the initial stages of treatment (Mayo Clinic). Following Guttman and Sargent Myerson comes to the following conclusion: "In certain cases, neurosis associated with depression, fatigue and anhedonia, as well as in certain cases of psychosis of the same general type Benzedrine sulphate has a positive effect."

Our own experience with clinical psychosis, suggests Benzedrine valuable addition to the doctor's toolbox, which is traditionally used to treat melancholy. After the classical opiate therapy at our disposal only a means to eliminate fear, while the other is the most important symptom, braking, almost defies our influence. These are the components of the complex symptoms of melancholy, as far as we can tell, provide a selective response to treatment Benzedrine. Since in cases where inhibition determines the clinical picture of the disease, it is characterized by a typical diurnal variations with the onset of evening remission, under the influence of Benzedrine we were able to observe a peculiar antipositions daily fluctuations (the shift to an earlier date), when during the morning taking the drug the weakening of melancholic stupor, which usually occurs in the patient only in the evening, sometimes observed before lunch. In contrast, the impact on Benzedrine melancholic mood, ie depression, as such, it seems doubtful to me; sometimes there is more the impression that this side effect, since in these cases there is no reactive component, namely the affective response to braking.

To improve mental and behavior ability – Cortexin, Cogitum, Picamilon, Noopept, Semax, Phenotropil would help.

Schilder recently tried to "get a better understanding of the psychological effects of Benzedrine", following a number of selected cases, and they caused Benzedrine "structural changes" I "," who studied in the context of them as formulated by pharmaco-psychoanalysis. The results of his research, he concludes thus: "the drug is definitely not cure neurosis, but useful at the level of symptomatic treatment." We ourselves would like, based on his own experience some cases, exposed primarily psychotherapeutic treatment, speak in favor of the point of view of the above quoted.

Case 1. RS, a patient 43 years. Parents - cousins. Mother distinguished thoroughness and temper; older brother pedantic and overly self-critical, apparently suffers from obsessive repetition and frequent feeling as if he had lost something. The younger brother of banal "neurotic." The patient herself already as a child experienced some symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders, and now - with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder obsessive repetition, against compulsive washing. Passed few courses of treatment, including psychotherapy; nevertheless the patient's condition steadily worsened, the patient has taken even more suicide attempts. She suffers from a sense of what else did not have time to do much; thus demonstrating a lack of a sense of the evidence: "I have to do something again, although I know that has done it right." On the sensory level she feels some unrealized precipitate!

The first thing a patient is recommended to learn to distinguish between obsessive-neurotic impulses and common intention, and then distance themselves from neurotic manifestations. Later, estimating the distance, as if she learns to bring these neurotic bouts of absurdity, in other words, to deprive them of feeding, for example, like this: "I am afraid that not thoroughly washed your hands? For example, they have me do not even stained - and I want to hand are much messier "Instead of trying to overcome the impulses of obsessive-compulsive disorder (every action causes a counter!) - The patient is trying to overcome neuroses, translating them into a joke that helps her distance - and overcome them. The patient is reviewing all of its world: it shows so typical of the neurotic pursuit of one hundred percent, absolute reliability in recognizing and addressing generated by the lack of a sense of obvious, deep instinctive uncertainty.

However, since in reality a wholly unattainable, it is limited to specific situations - such as those associated with hands cleanliness, order, in the apartment, and so requires an understanding of the mosaic of life, willingness to take risks and still perform an action, whereas neurosis, on the other hand, is likened to the case.. which simultaneously represents both a burden and protection. The value of the latter aspect is first discussed with the patient in theory, but the next time she spontaneously (!) Spoke about his "suspicion" that sometimes neurosis served her usual excuse. After two weeks of treatment, there are clear improvements: the patient more confident mastering the technique correct attitude toward obsessive-neurotic momentum and learns to accept full responsibility if you do not do these impulses, the attitude towards them. She soon learned to consider as their "triumphs" over-obsessive neurotic impulses - in any case, is short and infrequent - more important than the discomfort that arises from the opposition of impulses that remain intractable. At this stage of treatment - three weeks after the start of the course - the patient takes her appointed Benzedrine.

Describing the general feeling of the drug, the patient also referred to this feeling - it seemed that everything works out her lighter mood improves, "I saw it all seemed as through rose-colored glasses." In the evening, playing bridge, she looked fresher than ever in this time of day. Then she says: "It seems to me as if was the best all to see, as if my eyes had better visual acuity increased." During this period, the patient experienced a stroke of bad luck, which suffered a remarkable calm and unruffled: "At that time [under the influence of Benzedrine] I could not accept this situation in such dark colors." Then: "The work [in the house] Can not I feel better - by improving mood (!)." As for the specific effect of the drug on the repetition compulsion - or more precisely, on the patient's attitude to this disorder - the patient indicates that she is now better at "assert" that manages it better, she learned to treat obsessive repetition with humor and fortitude. Those techniques which she learned to psychotherapeutic sessions, began to operate for longer; moreover, it has become easier to apply. Currently, the patient is very optimistic, she feels that she can "outgrow this problem - so that I will pay attention not so much on ourselves, but on what is happening around me. Earlier, I respectfully perceived his obsessive-compulsive disorder, and now I treat it with boldness. "

The patient feels that the "changed" and could "only to achieve." Now the patient is recommended to reasonably use the burst of energy that provided the drug to her. We can say that therapy allowed her to master the weapon to combat neurosis, taught her how to fence the blade. The drug is at the same time served as a doping, which gave her a boost of energy. The incentive, which she won thanks to Benzedrine, was to prepare it for further improvement; being on the rise, it must ensure that does not lose its high spirits. Indeed, over the next two weeks of treatment, when it takes on a daily basis one or two tablets Benzedrine, it is increasingly possible to "overcome the temptation of a neurosis (eg, resist compulsion to wash your hands)."

It even feels as if her neurotic representation (for example: "I have too dirty hands") have become more vague! Finally, the relative success of the saved and when it no longer receives Benzedrine; the patient can not completely distance himself from the obsessive neurotic impulses without difficulty: "I - here, there is an obsessive desire. Neurosis gives me orders, but I must not give in to them; neurosis because he can not wash your hands, do it, admit it ... I had to. " At this stage, treatment is discontinued for other reasons.

Case 2. Patient S., 41 years old. He came to the reception immediately after were not successful course of psychoanalysis, or perhaps just for advice, since a few days later must return home (abroad). Due to the unsuccessful outcome of psychoanalysis, to which the patient had high expectations, the patient is in such despair that he seriously thought about suicide and has even carries in his pocket a farewell note. For 15 years, the patient suffers from severe symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Recently, he has been worsening. One gets the picture is extremely fettered man; even his fight against obsessions seems seizure. Experience has taught the patient, above all, the fact that this struggle, the attack against the manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorder only increase disorder, and therefore - and the torment of the patient. Therefore, it tends to the contrary, to give vent to his ailment. Already because of the lack of time available - the patient simply postpones departure the next day, another day, etc. -.. From the beginning we disclaim any analysis of symptoms and try to just change his attitude towards neurosis mechanisms.

Indeed, a couple of days managed to persuade the patient to accept the fact that he has come in fits of obsessive-compulsive disorder, whereby not only the first time turned to achieve significant overall mental relief; Moreover, at the same time decreased significantly and began to pass comorbid depressive thoughts. This psychological treatment accompanied by medical support using Benzedrine. The patient admitted that after that he felt more courageous, enthusiastic, relieved, wrote his wife a letter and optimistic even thought about how to get back to work in their specialty. On the third day he was just beaming with joy, she said that morning spent an hour with absolutely no obsessions, which he could not for at least the last ten years! Then he turns out - obviously, not least thanks to the action of Benzedrine - more confident to distance themselves from obsessive-neurotic ideas and ignore them, to live, not paying attention to them. He is struggling with these ideas, treating them with humor and maintaining a laid-back state of mind, no longer trying to attack them and thus get stuck on them. Instead, he learns to ignore them. It adheres to such an analogy: Suppose you barking stray dogs - if you step on it, it will bark even angrier. If we ignore it, it will soon subside. At the same time, you can learn how to specifically listen to the barking, which after a while begins to attract no more attention than the ticking of a wall clock.

Benzedrine has justified itself, and in this case, the amplifier psychotherapeutic treatment. There is such a situation, like I gave the patient struggling against obsessions, a latent push, whereas previously, in the framework of the psychotherapeutic treatment, we gave the patient a weapon, the right to combat neurosis. should also be noted in the framework epicrisis that for a long time after returning home she continued to correspond with us and reported that he feels quite well, happy and, despite the adverse external circumstances, still maintains the right attitude to bouts of compulsive neurosis, assimilated to psychotherapeutic sessions. He believes that such work on it is easier Benzedrine, which he continues to take.

Case 3. Patient F. B., 24 years old. Stuttered since childhood (Cogitum, Cortexin, Phenylpiracetam could help with stuttering). Two relatives also stutter. We are taught to the patient what is it - this is nothing like thinking out loud. He has only to correctly tune into spoken thoughts - then it pours like automatically, he can think about what he was saying, not how to say. On the other hand, draw attention to the form of speech - and not to the content of thoughts - is, first, the tightness in the speech, and secondly - the inability to concentrate on what you think. Predisposition to speech violation, he could and should have been compensated for by appropriate training, which were assigned to it in the future. The patient had to relax with the help of exercises developed by IG Schultz: breath - breathe out loud - "Eating air" - speech. These exercises, in that order, and the patient performs at home. Soon, he tells about the success: he was able to achieve the correct installation to the speech act, "even without my will ... I just said." It was just enough to voice thoughts and get his mouth to speak.

To combat the continuing general shyness is recommended to begin to take action against the fear of speaking and to support sociability itself. "Does anyone speak prohibits, speaking terrible?" If it is necessary to risk failure, but in such a case to replace them can come later success, and fear of speaking will finally be silenced. Even in the game of roulette are needed risky bets if the amount to be multiplied many times ... In the next stage of treatment the patient is already complaining about the feeling of fear overcomes him when - by the way, success! - Infusion into society; obviously, now he is afraid of the consequences of contact with life, the loss of his "splendid isolation." He understands that now replace irrational existential fear must come to overcome his conscious. At this stage, the patient is assigned Benzedrine.

After a few days on the basis of notes being conducted on the basis of a diary, he said that after taking the first pill he had better hold a phone conversation - whereas previously it would have clearly caused him discomfort. Moreover, a few hours after taking the drug, on the evening meetings, he talked a lot calmer and more confident. As a side effect, he points out: heart palpitations, depression, disturbance of nighttime sleep. Later, he took only half a tablet after a meal, and then the clock would be "in shape" when he had to participate in a conversation or be social. As a result, the patient reports a profound effect, manifested primarily in speech, the essence of which is as follows: the feeling of "shame" disappears and "retardation" is weakened, however acute verbiage ( "verbal diarrhea") of the patient at the same time does not arise. In addition, the effect of the drug has a positive effect on overall health. The improvements are saved.

Case 4. Patient FV, 37 years old. The clinical picture is a depression with psychomotor inhibition, with all other aspects of behavior are in perfect order, as well as a train of thought. Subjectively, the patient feels noticeably sick, also feel fear, guilt and inferiority and a tendency to self-flagellation; hallucinations are not traced, paranoid ideas - only thobbling nature. Presumably this is the diagnosis: recurrent bouts of depression on the background of schizoid psychopathy. The predominant symptom in this case - depersonalization; the patient complains: "I have become a mere shadow of his former self ... Fata Morgana". The only form of being-in-the-world, which still feels ill, he is experienced as one's own inferiority. "I am depressed, that is literally flattened: of three-dimensional creatures I got a flat, two-dimensional." A sense of inferiority relates primarily to experience meaning: "a feeling as if I plugged in power, fueled my life force." A sense of inferiority affects cognitive acts. "It seems that I have no intuitive idea, it is a sphere that half-chaotic, where something occurs to randomly."

More accurately described intentional disorder: "I have to mind their way to the touch, as if I was spiritually blind, from one mental image to another. Spiritually I seemed to cling to them. " Further, also described disorder activity in the narrower sense of the word, "all that I do, some ethereal, unreal, such imitation, as if I were - a beast that only reproduces noted by earlier human actions, those that he can not remember." The patient also experienced a "flawed spiritual synthesis," ie, "a feeling of complete collapse of the meaning of existence" (as Kambrielyu): "I do not have a continuous course of time ... as though spiritually I am from screaming fragments of mosaic that crumble when there is no bonding between them solution ... or as if I - broken string of pearls. " Individual recognition of the patient indicate the presence of "hypotension consciousness" (on tibia): "I feel the lethargy, prolixity ... as if I worked out the whole resource, like a pocket watch, who jumped off the drive spring." Finally, experienced alienation perceived world (loss of sense of reality), in particular the change in the perception of his own body: the patient particularly complained about the emerging times trigeminal neuralgia, not so much pain as such, but rather on the fact that they were perceived not as before. "My arm, my voice seems to me strange. I like not have a proper attitude to things, to the subject, as if things have ceased to be objects ... everything seems to remain the same, but at the same time as if reflected in a mirror: it became paler, right and left side are reversed. " He himself feels "a violin without a deck." The patient complains of a feeling of "lack of substrate," before the world was a colorful, "and has now become a black-and-white."

A patient once appointed Benzedrine, on an experimental basis. Later, he begins to take all half a tablet after a meal, which is caused by appearing in his unpleasant side effects (blood pressure by Scipione Riva-Rocci 130/90 mm Hg, with a long functional cardiac disorder..!): Dizziness, feeling of tension, pressure, etc. . n., which later forced him to abandon the positive changes that provide the drug. Although from a therapeutic point of view, these effects could only be welcomed, the organization of this kind of psychological concrete patient the more remarkable from the experimental point of view. The patient (! Master of introspection and introspective language) could be described as - excluding normally observed in such cases, explicit physical and spiritual courage - "strongly weakened" a sense of alienation perceived world, to such an extent that it was out of reach for many years. Thinking has become "much more accurate and precise," and the patient felt "a spiritual rise - to a certain extent increased presence of mind." "Improving the mental abilities" persisted for up to three hours after taking half a tablet. The patient describes a state of "as a kind of intoxication, as if I had a second breath ... I like activated, I felt the need for something to engage and talk."

Benzedrine can only be used for the symptomatic treatment of certain neuroses, and confirmed on the basis of our own experience; there are two cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as one case of stuttering and one case of depersonalization. It is shown as a supporting drug benzedrinic therapy may complement psychotherapy, however, the drug therapy plays only the role of a temporary doping facilitates patient his fight, then as a weapon to fight this patient has already had to first obtain from the therapist's hands.

Physiology of maternal behavior

How are parent-child relationship, which neurotransmitters are involved in this process and what determines maternal behavior.

During the evolution of the animals formed a large number of congenital forms of behavior - unconditioned reflexes and complex systems (instincts). The significance of innately specified behavior is particularly great in the case of organisms with a short duration of life. This refers primarily small invertebrates. For example, the wasp-Pompilius emerge from pupae in the spring, and there are in the stage of only a few weeks of adults. During this time, the female must meet with the male, dig a hole, catch and paralyze prey (spider), drag it into the hole, lay an egg, seal the hole, then dig a new hole and so on. It can be seen that the wasp emerges from the pupa is already fully ready to fulfill its inherent biological activity. Contribution learning processes Pompilius behavior is relatively small. So, it can and must remember the location of the place of their burrows, which requires the formation of appropriate skills (reflex).

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In the case of highly organized vertebrates situation is quite different. For example, a cub is born blind and helpless at birth and although he is present a number of unconditioned reflexes, but not enough for a full life. With the growth of an intensive training, resulting in a baby gradually becomes ready for independent living. In other words, over the innate (genetic) specified behavioral programs "is built" a large number of additional skills formed.

We know quite a number of classifications of congenital forms of animal behavior. As an example, the one that is designed by academician PV Simonov, who proposed to allocate three groups of unconditioned reflexes: vital, role ( " Zoo-social ") and self-reflections. Vital behavioral programs can be defined as to preserve the life of the organism (food, drinking, defense, etc..). Zoo-social options are those innate behaviors that arise in the interaction with other individuals of their own species (sex, territorial, inside the pack). By self-reflections attributed reaction is not related to adaptation to the current situation, as it were "facing the future" (Research, imitative, game).

On the part of the parents, especially the mother, this set of innate responses includes the construction of the nest-seekers, feeding, cleaning, dragging the young, protect them, and later - the game and "education". This starts the function is performed by the look and smell of a baby, the sound it makes, as well as changes in hormonal status of the female. From the side of the baby, we can also observe a significant number of congenital reactions, aimed at female. This sucking mother's desire for physical contact with her, when carrying the fading reaction, "conscription shouts" left alone a newborn, the reaction sequence. At the same time one can observe the flow of the processes of training, allowing young in the future to implement other forms of normal behavior Zoo-social. Animals raised in isolation, are characterized by disorders of this behavior and can not normally interact with individuals of their own species. For growing up without parents of young monkeys are characterized by the so-called pose self-exposure when baby grabs his hands the body and head, trying to somehow compensate for his loneliness. This shows that the desire for communication, affection, mutual touch has an innate basis.

Manifestations of the parent behavior

The most common object, the example of which we study the mechanisms of maternal behavior are white laboratory rat. The complex of parental reactions consists of three main components. Firstly, it is an active maternal behavior, including the construction of the nest, carrying babies and lick. Secondly, the inactive behavior of the female during feeding calves (adoption poses for feeding). Finally, special protection is considered young ("maternal aggression"). To cope with stress – use Phenibut, Afobazol, Phenazepam and Selank.

Construction of the nest is to transport the materials by mouth or pushing their muzzle and paws. Moving Young is not only going to the young and their movement, but also sniffing before you take it. Licking newborns is an important component of maternal care, the ability to provide a lag effect on the nervous and endocrine systems offspring. There are just licking the genitals and licks the entire lower half of the body of the newborn, without which the urination and defecation rats in the first days after birth difficult.

Feeding babies is divided according to the type taken by the female poses. One of the most common among them - kyphosis (stand bent) when the female hangs over the brood on fixed-spaced legs. The following position - lying on your back or side, exposing young nipples. In addition, there is a provision on his face, in which the mother is lying on top cubs, without relying on the legs and hunched position when the support with feeding female goes to the rear limbs.

One of the most important components of parental care is the protection of calves - behavior, widespread in many animal species. Despite the fact that the manifestations of maternal aggression can cause serious damage to the very adult, they certainly contribute to the survival of the offspring. Aggressive behavior of female white rats tested in the situation room in the cage of another male-Intruder. It has been shown that maternal aggression accompanied by a general reduction of fear and anxiety and begin to appear in the females already in the last week of pregnancy.

Launch of maternal behavior at first gave birth to the female involves inhibition of the desire to be afraid (to avoid) their offspring and all the more to eat it. This deceleration in the case of white rats is primarily based on the olfactory characteristics of young. Accordingly, the female nervous system innately set out to respond to species-specific odor of the newborn. Smells of this kind that trigger different types of unconditioned reflexes, called pheromones. To determine them in the nasal cavity, there are specific types of olfactory receptors. Of great importance are the characteristic "screams" emitted by pups in the ultrasonic range. They are analogous to an infant crying in humans and also are recognized by the brain innately parents. The intensity and frequency of cries amplified in the uncomfortable situation that helps the mother to focus on the most "suffering" cub (for example, were out of the socket).

Finally, it is important to newborns peculiar appearance. At the same time the visual parent system can allocate their characteristic appearance of the visual characteristics. For many birds it is wide open, brightly colored mouth chick. Using just this innately meaningful stimulus allows cuckoo "control" adoptive parents. As a result, they continue to feed cuckoo even when it exceeds their size several times. A number of animals and people react to such symptoms baby as big protruding forehead, large eyes, a snub nose, round cheeks.

Endowed with these features being looks in the eyes of the adult attractive and nice, someone who should be protected, to patronize. There is the possibility of exploitation of this phenomenon, and this involved the producers of soft toys, cartoons and so on. Another extremely important signal, aimed at parents, is the smile of a baby. Characteristically, children born blind, smiling in the same situations as the sighted (eg, hearing my mother's voice). It is obvious that the ability of blind babies smile can be the result of learning (imitation) and genetically defined.

Violations of maternal behavior are most typical for first births. In this case, the female nervous system often uses only unconditioned reflex program complexity and precision that may not be enough to provide adequate responses (for example, if there are additional stressful factors or hormonal disorders). However, individuals quickly accumulated experience of maternal behavior; formed corresponding conditioned reflexes (skills building nests, caring for calves, etc..), and the behavior of females with repeated childbirth is much more appropriate. In the case of first-time mothers female partially solve the problem allows the previous experience with the cubs, which is typical of gregarious animals, including primates. It is shown that in white rats both males and females in the age of about one and a half months (corresponding to a human age of 10-12) willing to carry dummies newborn pups. The analogy with the game baby dolls is quite obvious.

What is the depth of the "engine" for maternal behavior (and behavior in general)? The answer is: the pursuit of positive emotions and the avoidance of negative emotions. Like all innately important stimuli for us (delicious food, sexual contacts, new information), incentives that trigger parental reaction, activate the brain centers of positive emotions, that is, have a reinforcing effect. The nervous system is initially parent (genetically at birth reflex arcs) is configured to search for such incentives, as well as the ability to modify behavior so that reinforcers often impacted body. Global biological significance of parental behavior is obvious: children growing up, we pass on their genes to offspring, that is, extend the life and ensure the further evolution of our species Homo sapiens.

Physiological mechanisms of maternal behavior

For the organization responsible parental behavior is very complex set of CNS structures. Among them in the first place should be called the medial preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens transparent partitions (nucleus accumbens).

As is known, in the lower part of the diencephalon - hypothalamic - neurons are receiving not only the information from the outside world (visual, painful tactile signals), but also from the internal environment (blood glucose concentration, salts, hormones). Using this information, the hypothalamus controls the activity of the endocrine glands and the autonomic nervous system, being, in fact, the main center for the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, the hypothalamus due functioning of many biological needs of the centers (and the implementation of appropriate innately specified behavioral programs).

An example is the area associated with the food unconditioned reflex reactions, - centers of hunger and satiety. They are located in the middle part of the hypothalamus. When electrical stimulation of the hunger center even very well-fed animal begins to eat; irritation of the satiety center, by contrast, leads to the rejection of food. Most of the time the hunger center is inhibited saturation center. But at lower glucose and insulin concentrations in blood (which occurs several hours after a meal) its activated neurons. As a result, on a subjective level there is hunger; Behavioral also develops food motivation can enter reactions in search of food.

The centers of the anterior hypothalamus parental behavior, tend to be more active in females. Although, apparently, the male brain contains all the relevant behavioral program (innate reflex arc). This can be proved by means of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area. In this case, the components of parental behavior occur in males, even those species that are never directly involved in the cultivation of offspring (eg, rooster shows reaction eggs hatching). Activation centers parental behavior in vivo occurs in the presence of external stimuli which are sensorial attributes calf, and / or certain hormonal levels.

Indeed, the medial preoptic area severely affected by endocrine control, realized through estrogen, oxytocin and prolactin. The introduction of large doses of each of these hormones causes maternal behavior even in nulliparous white rats (upon presentation of another's pups). Normally, the effects of different hormones co-exist and complement the action innately important sensory signals (calf signs). Recall that estrogens - female sex hormones, whose content remains high throughout the pregnancy is further increased during delivery, and then decreases. Isolation of oxytocin is timed to the moment of birth (a powerful stimulation of uterine contractions); In addition, it enhances lactation affecting myoepithelial breast cells.

To the greatest extent determines the status and the work of the mammary glands prolactin (luteotrophic hormone pituitary gland).

It, along with the estrogen, controls their development during puberty. Next prolactin-dependent stage - the growth and formation of active (capable of secretion) form alveolar apparatus breast during pregnancy. Finally, it is a major stimulator of prolactin release colostrum and milk after childbirth. At the same time it has a strong activating effect on the behavior of the parent centers (medial preoptic area). It is also important that the signals of the mechanical stimulation of the nipples (during suckling), switching through the hypothalamus, the pituitary prolactin increase and cause positive emotions. In other words, the body of mammals is characterized by a feedback loop that combines lactation, maternal behavior and positive emotions (that it leads to the experience of a certain percentage of orgasm during stimulation of the nipples of women).

Communication with the emotion centers of the hypothalamus is carried out primarily through the nucleus accumbens transparent partitions (nucleus accumbens). It refers to the core of the subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia) of the cerebral hemispheres. N. accumbens is one of the most important centers of positive reinforcement of our brain and is activated when the successful implementation of many significant innate behavioral programs - meeting the food, parental, sexual and other needs. The operation of the nucleus accumbens on the subjective level is accompanied by the emergence of variously colored positive emotions. At the same time at the level of the cerebral cortex are formed associations (conditional reflex connections). They occur between neurons that respond to the touch signal initially insignificant, and neurons, triggering the movement of a component (in our case - the parent) behavior. In general it can be said that the activation of n. accumbens is an important condition for learning, provides a "superstructure" of innate reflex arcs acquired behavioral programs.

At the level of the nucleus accumbens neurotransmitter activity is determined by substances such as dopamine and opioid peptides. Dopamine is produced primarily by cells of the ventral midbrain tires axons which reach not only n. accumbens, but also in many areas of the cerebral cortex. Opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphin) are secreted in small interneurons of the midbrain, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus. Narcotic drugs similar to dopamine (amphetamines, cocaine), and the opioid peptides (morphine, heroin) cause euphoria, "replacing" real positive emotions. As a result, a person may lose the desire to do any activity directed outwards but aimed at the re-introduction of the drug. Amphetamines, cocaine, morphine suppress parental behavior. Opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, on the contrary, strengthens the care of the offspring. This indicates the prospects of using naloxone in order to attenuate the manifestations of maternal, especially post-natal depression.

It is known that depression after the first birth occurs in 10-15% of women. (Phenibut, Phenazepam would help) It has a negative impact on the relationship "mother - child" and is primarily due to a sharp change in hormonal and / or gestational (generic) stress. Currently, postpartum depression and the possibility of targeted correction examined for specific lines of white laboratory rats, inherently characterized by a number of depression-like behavior change. 

NANOPLAST Forte

NANOPLAST Forte is a Chinese warming plaster without medical components with unproven efficiency and the pseudoscientific mechanism of action. The producer declares that Nanoplast forte is created on the basis of nanotechnologies, possesses anesthetic and anti-inflammatory action, is effective both for knocking over of sharp conditions, and for course therapy of various diseases of joints, a backbone, muscles and sheaves. The main effect of plaster is placebo.

Producer: Guizhou Miaoyao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (China). Moves ahead in Russia the LLC Nanotek Pharm company.

Side effects which aren't specified in the instruction

The most frequent side effects is thermal burns of skin, ulcer (the structure of a plaster can corrode skin), long-term change of pigmentation of skin.

Numerous feedbacks prove that medicine causes burns after stay in the sun or in sunbed.

Structure

Real chemical composition of Emplastrum is unknown. The structure described on the website of the producer pseudoscientific is also not true. Remains obscure how Emplastrum underwent the state registration.

Information from the official site:

• magnetic powder from rare-earth metals (lanthanoids)
• nanopowder-produtsitor of infrared radiation in far infrared area of range.

Emplastrum NANOLAYER forte represents the thin flexible plate made on the basis of an admixture of fine powder of rare-earth magnetic materials, unique nanopowder is a produtsitor of infrared radiation and hypoallergenic polymeric material. The plate is applied on a sticky basis of corporal color and closed by a protective paper layer which before the use needs to be removed.

Action mechanism

Information from the official site:

This Emplastrum is made on the basis of modern nanotechnologies, achievements of traditional and national medicine. The medical effect of Emplastrum NANOLAYER is forte based on simultaneous action on the center of an inflammation of deep soft heat in combination with magnetotherapeutic influence of constant magnetic field. Please pay attention to Oftalamin.

The combined influence of infrared (thermal) radiation and magnetic field leads to improvement local blood-and lymphokineses, to decrease of stagnation of a blood and improvement of venous outflow, reduction of inflammatory reaction: edema, pain. Improves a local metabolism, relaxes muscles and ligaments. It promotes restoration of function of musculoskeletal system, decrease of hematomas and ecchymoses at injuries of soft tissues and joints.

Nanopowder is a produtsitor of infrared radiation is activated when warming to body temperature and provides long, soft and deep thermal impact on the inflammation center.

Powder from rare-earth magnetic materials influences the lesion center weak constant magnetic field. This combination leads to acceleration blood-and lymphocineses, to decrease of stagnation of a blood, improvement of venous outflow, improves a local metabolism in the inflammation center. The anesthetizing and anti-inflammatory effect of drug is as a result provided, process of natural convalescence of the struck area accelerates.

Effects

According to the instruction of Nanoplast Forte possesses anesthetic, anti-inflammatory and muscular weakening actions, promotes recovery of function of the musculoskeletal device (joints, muscles and ligaments), and also more fast recovery and reduction of consequences of the closed injuries of soft fabrics, the musculoskeletal device.

Actually heat can strengthen an inflammation. For example, in case of sports and other injuries cold use is shown, but it isn't warm. Heat is applied in case of chronic pain, however the regular hot-water bottle with hot water quite will be suitable for these purposes. For improvement lympho-and blood circulations use of the warming creams and ointments is reasonable.

Feedbacks and criticism

Magneto therapy

In the USA standard rates of FDA forbid sale and advertizing of any magneto therapeutic products as medical devices as statements about medical effect of such devices are considered unreasonable.

In 2002 in the report of National scientific fund of the USA magneto therapy is called "completely unscientific" . The western medical specialists consider magneto therapy a pseudoscientific method, the mechanism of its action — "fantastic", and claim about lack of clinical proofs of its efficiency. At the same time annual world turnovers of the industry of magneto therapy exceed one billion dollars, only in the USA — $300 million.

Nano powder

Recently the nano prefix is actively operated in many pseudoscientific medical directions. In this case the producer doesn't provide information on composition of nano powder. Actually nano powder represents mix of substances which in case of interaction with air after removal of a protective layer begin to be oxidized with allocation of heat (most likely it is iron powder, absorbent carbon, sodium chloride, vermiculite, wood flour, water).

Feedbacks in network

In the instruction to a plaster it is specified: "STRUCTURE: magnetic powder from rare-earth metals, nano powder produtsitor of infrared radiation in far infrared area of a range". The size of a molecule of substance. Thus, "nano powder" is a powder with particles which size about a molecule?!! It is impossible neither to see such pro-shock, nor to feel - it simply DOESN'T EXIST. Around the world work not with nano powder, and with substance on nanolevel, i.e. at the level of molecules. Except as "admiration" this works of the Chinese marketing specialists don't cause - as dexterously they use terms.

Other expression is "a produtsitor of infrared radiation", also shows that manufacturing sellers understand nothing physics, and write the texts from "ceiling".

First, there is no such word "produtsitor" is to address any search engine enough.

Secondly, if they meant "produtsitor" as a source of infrared radiation, then ANY solid body that is by determination.

Thirdly, infrared radiation exists only in space. In case of contact of two bodies there is no infrared radiation, and direct transfer of heat takes place.

Fourthly, talk about "far infrared area of a range" in general favorite method of buyers.

We also checked also availability of magnetic field from allegedly "magnetic powder from rare-earth materials". There is no magnetic component in this plaster! And for this purpose it isn't necessary to be the specialist - to bring a magnet to a plaster enough. As is well-known two magnets will interact among themselves, but it doesn't happen to a plaster. It in any way doesn't react on external (even very strong) a magnet. In such a way that we have as a result: magnetic field which is absent, nano powder which no who saw and which radiates nonexistent infrared radiation. Whether it is worth using a product which structure isn't known, and the existing description is false.

And all laudatory feedbacks about this plaster which are on the website of the company, no more than purchased advertizing articles. Also it is a shame with those "scientists" who were signed under them...

Nanoplast forte is no effective

Nanoplast forte possesses all signs of charlatanism:

• Sending to traditional and nonconventional Chinese medicine
• The numerous cases of side effects described on the Internet
• The difficult, but illiterate scientific terminology misleading the patient
• Lack of scientific evidential base
• Unconfirmed mechanism of action
• Lack of the statistical importance of results of randomized placebo of a controlled research
• Aggressive marketing advance

Researches

Double blind placebo is controlled following lasting 14 days (120 patients) was carried out in 2010 on the basis of scientific research institute of rheumatology of the Russian Academy of Medical Science and the rheumatologic center of a city hospital. Were studied all status of the patient, all associated diseases, duration of the disease, a radiological stage of illness and other parameters. At all patients quite advanced stages were observed (a long disease with the expressed pains and development of osteoarthritis).

Assessment was carried out: pains, restraints, physical activity

Indications to use

Information from the official site:

NANOPLAST LAYER Forte is offered to be applied at a wide series of inflammatory and degenerative diseases of a musculoskeletal system. Other indications for use of Emplastrum Forte® NANOLAYER are posttraumatic changes of a musculoskeletal system, the joint device as after a trauma the secondary osteoarthritis develops, and the pain syndrome is expressed and the pain syndromes can be complicated by development complex.

Other area for use of Emplastrum NANOPLAST LAYER Forte is pathology of soft tissues (for example, fibromyalgia, myofascial syndrome) which meets not only at rheumatic diseases

Syndromes:

• Neck pain
• Dorsodynia
• Back pain
• Joint pain

Diseases:

• arthritics, including rheumatic,
• arthroses, osteoarthrosis, including knee, coxofemoral and humeral joints,
• spondylarthroses,
• cervical osteochondrosis, including its implications in the form of a headache, giddiness, disturbances of sensitivity of the top extremities,
• thoracal osteochondrosis,
• intercostal neuralgia,
• lumbar osteochondrosis, lumbago, ischias,
• other diseases of a backbone which are followed by a local pain syndrome
• neck, back pain, lumbar area against the background of osteochondrosis and infringement of nerves,
• the closed injuries of soft tissues – bruises, muscle strain and ligaments, the set dislocations of joints, dermal hematomas and ecchymoses,
• sports injuries (for treatment of bruises, sprains and muscles, dislocations of joints, ecchymoses and dermal hematomas, etc.).

Norditropin

Norditropin is human biosynthetic hormone of growth. Norditropin receive by method of genetic engineering, by implementation of recombinant DNA in a bacterium of E. coli. Norditropin is registered as medicine in Russia and is available in drugstores.

Producer: It is new Nordisk À/Ñ. DK-2880, Bagsvayerd, Denmark is new to Alla.

Issue conditions from drugstores: According to the recipe.

Release form: Solution for hypodermic introduction, 5 mg / 1,5 ml, 10 mg / 1,5 ml, 15 mg / 1,5 ml. In the glass cartridges established in plastic multidose disposable the syringe handle for the repeated injections corked on the one hand by rubber pistons, on the other hand the laminated rubber disks, under aluminum runnings in, on 1.5 ml; in a pack the cardboard 1 syringe handle.

The complete instruction to medicine and the syringe handle (English). Please pay attention to Koramine.

Side effects

For identification of side effects of Norditropina the set of clinical trials, one of them by duration up to 13 years was conducted. The most widespread side effects: headaches, muscle pains, rigidity of joints, high level of sugar in blood (hyperglycemia), sugar in urine (glucosuria), hypostases, reddening and an itch in places of injections. Read in more detail: side effects of growth hormone.

Analogs

• Jintropin (Dzhintropin) from Gensi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China)
• Ansomone (Ansomon) from Anhui Anke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Neotropin (Neotropin) from Neo Laboratories Ltd. (China)
• Getropin (Getropin) from Zhongshan Hygene Biopharm Co. (China)
• Kigtropin (Kigtropin) from Kigtropin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Dynatrope (Dinatrop) from Dynamic Development Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Mauritius)
• Genotropin (Genotropin) from Pharmacia & Upjohn AB (Sweden)
• Saizen (Sayzen) from Serono (Switzerland, Belgium)
• Humatrope (Humatrop) from Eli Lilly and Lilly France (France)
• Blue Tops
• Hygetropin from Zhongshan Hygene Biopharm Co (China)

Klomid (clomifene) or nolvadecs (tamoxifen), what is better?

In this article we will try to resolve doubts concerning the choice between two medicines, and also to find differences: klomid or nolvadecs.

Clomifene citrate (Klomid is available in drugstores under trademarks of Klostilbegit) and tamoxifen (a trade name of Nolvadeks) are the anti-estrogen belonging to one group of trifeniletilen. They are structurally similar and classified as selective modulators of estrogenic receptors with the mixed agonistichesky and antagonistic properties. It means that in certain fabrics they block effect of estrogen by linkng with receptors while in other fabrics can work as this estrogen, activating receptors. At men both medicines work as anti-estrogen in the capability to disturb negative feedback of estrogen on a hypothalamus and to stimulate the increased development of GnRH (gonadoliberin). Development of hormone will be as a result increased by hypophysis that in turn can increase testosterone development by testicles. It is done by both medicines, but for some reason bodybuilders continue to think that only clomid is good for testosterone stimulation.

The researchers conducted in the late seventies in University of Ghent in Belgium clear up benefits of a nolvadeks before klomid in increase in level of testosterone. Researchers considered effect of a nolvadeks and klomid on endocrine system of healthy men as well as those who suffered from small quantity of spermatozoa (oligospermia). Also it was revealed that Nolvadeks when using within 10 days in a dosage of 20 mg a day increased testosterone level in serum by 142% of initial level that was comparable with effect of 150 mg of klomid in day for the same period of time (increase in level of testosterone was a little, but it isn't essential, it is more with klomid). We shall remember that it is effect of three 50 mg of tablets of klomid. In case of approximately identical price of 50 mg of klomid and 20 mg of nolvadeks we already see a difference in the relation price/result for benefit of nolvadeks.

Klomid (clomifene) or nolvadecs (tamoxifen): differences

Klomid (Klomid) affects receptors of estrogen in hypophysis and ovaries. Tying receptors of estrogen in a hypophysis, klomid breaks off the mechanism of negative feedback i.e. if usually estrogen, influencing a hypophysis, reduce development of FSG and LG, then at reception of klomid of it doesn't occur. Directly in blood klomid doesn't affect the level of estrogen.

Nolvadecs (tamoxifen) also doesn't affect the level of estrogen in blood since the mechanism of his action comes down to blockade too of estrogen receptors including in hypophysis. Nevertheless, klomid is more selective (selective) blocker, and nolvadeks is less selective. If klomid contacts estrogenic receptors mainly in hypophysis and testicles, then nolvadecs contacts them practically in all organism. An exception is the bone tissue where klomid and tamoxifen on the contrary activate estrogen receptors.

Thus, klomid acts as the antagonist of estrogen and eliminates their oppressing action on a hypothalamus and hypophysis, promoting faster restoration of their function. Nolvadecs, blocks receptors almost in all fabrics, and also promotes that the organism has begun to restore own testosterone. It is important to note that nolvadecs is capable to block receptors of estrogen in hypophysis to a lesser extent, than klomid. You can try Koramine.

Clomifene and tamoxifen don't influence metabolism of estrogenic hormones therefore against the background of reception of these means estrogen continues to collapse liver enzymes, but don't collect in an organism.

Tamoxifen possesses shortcomings: quite toxic (sometimes it is shown by loss of appetite and nausea, the risk of thromboses increases). Tamoxifen increases the number of receptors of progesterone therefore it can't be applied if the rate is constructed on a basis the progesti medicines (nandrolon, trenbolone). In this case it is necessary to use clomifene.

General conclusion

"Attention" of Nolvadeks (tamoxifen) is more preferable option, in comparison with Klomid (clomifene) because:

• Despite smaller impact on hypophysis, Tamoxifen possesses the same capability to recover testosterone level, as well as Klomid
• Tamoxifen blocks effect of estrogen in all organism, including in a hypophysis and a hypothalamus, it means that it will promote not only to recovery of secretion of testosterone, but also to interfere with a liquid delay in an organism.
• Tamoxifen is much cheaper, than Klomid
• Tamoxifen reduces cholesterol level that is urgent in case of the use of steroids
• Klomid increases the level of globulin which contacts testosterone that negatively is reflected in a set of weight.

Common faults

• Both medicines oppress products of insulin like factor of growth-1
• Directly suppress function of testicles
• Raise the globulin connecting sex hormones
• Increase concentration of estrogen several times
• Cause violations of sight in case of prolonged use

How and when to accept Nolvadeks (tamoxifen)

During the course make the most efficient use of aromataza inhibitors among which it is especially popular proviron as this medicine doesn't influence negatively secretion of hormone of growth and increases concentration of anabolic hormones in blood due to aromatization suppression. Last week of a rate and 2 weeks later it is necessary to use Tamoxifen as the main PCT component in the absence of a proviron, the beginning of acceptance of Nolvadeks falls on the 2nd week of a steroid cycle, and the average dose of 10-20 mg a day comes to an end 2-3 weeks later after the termination of a cycle. It would be desirable to pay special attention on a popular belief when anti-estrogen recommends to drink after a cycle. Level of estrogen increases at the end of the first week of a cycle therefore from this point it is necessary to begin acceptance!

"Attention" If anabolic medicines which aren't subject to aromatization are used need for inhibitors of an aromataza disappears whereas tamoxifen joins only at the end of a rate. Give the best courses of steroids in more detail.

Doping information

These medicines are entered in the list of the forbidden doping means. Time of detection makes 3-6 months depending on a way of detection.

Analogs of klomid

• Clomifene
• Tablet citrate clomifene
• Klostilbegit (Egis, Hungary)
• Serofen
• Pergotaym
• Serpafar
• Promifen Alpha Pharma
• Clomed Balkan Pharmaceuticals
• Clomid capsules British Dispensary
• Clomitabs G-Tech Pharmaceuticals
• Clomiphene Genesis
• Clomidol Lyka Labs
• Clomifene Radjay Pharmaceuticals
• Clomiver Vermodje

Nicergolin

Nicergolin (sermion) is the structural analog of alkaloids of an ergot containing the rest of nicotinic acid.

Pharm cinetics. After intake it is well soaked up in digestive tract. In a blood of 90% of drug it is bound to proteins of plasma, in a liver is exposed to a biotransformation with formation of two metabolites. It is removed generally with urine and it is insignificant with bile. You can buyu Sermion.

Pharm dynamics. Dilates brain vessels, improves a cerebral blood stream. Increases utilization of oxygen and a glucose brain cells, positively influences bioelectric activity of a brain. Shows spasmolytic action concerning peripheric vessels. Drug improves rheological properties of a blood, renders antiagregant effect.

The mechanism of action of nicergolin is caused and adrenoceptor blocking operation and blockade of calcium channels.

Indications to use: disturbances of a cerebral and peripheric circulation, age disturbances of intellectual activity, memory depression.

Side effects of nicergolin: depression of the ABP, giddiness, sleepiness or sleeplessness, dermahemia of the person and top half of a trunk, dysfunction of the digestive channel.

Neotropin

Producer: Neo Labs Ltd. Neotropin isn't registered in Russia as medicine and is unavailable in drugstores.

Active ingredient: growth hormone (the lyophilized powder).

Release form: bottles on 10 pieces in packaging on 10 or 25 bottles.

Description: Hormone of growth Neotropin on amino-acid structure is equivalent to human hormone of growth which is made by hypophysis of the person, and consists of 191 amino acids. This medicine is made on the basis of recombinant biotechnologies by the international pharmaceutical company certified for all international standards. In 2010 specialists of the Russian laboratory based on various tests drew a conclusion that Neotropin is high-quality, "net" GR of the person and can be applied to destination within the established regulations.

Use: In bodybuilding it is applied to augmentation of muscle bulk and combustion of fat, especially abdominal (reduction of amount of abdominal fat - the deepest, strong and externally visible effect of Neotropin). The effect of combustion of fat is provided with ability of drug to suppress activity of insulin in transportation of glucose through a cellular membrane that, in turn, forces cells to switch to an alternative energy source is fat. Neotropin is also accelerates an adhesion of wounds, slows down catabolic processes at injuries. You can try Cerluten.

Solution of drug is entered subcutaneously by means of insulin syringe (at an angle 45-90 degrees) or a bezygol injector of Neoje. For solution preparation powder is dissolved water for injections and accurately shaken. Solution of drug can be stored in a refrigeration cabinet 72 hours (after their efflux drug needs to be thrown out). Freezing isn't allowed.

Side effects usually soft also happen at the beginning of reception: a headache, muscular pain, a rigidity of joints, delicacy, high Saccharum in a blood (hyperglycemia), Saccharum in urine (saccharuria), the swelling of brushes and feet bound to a delay in them of liquid, reddening and a tumescence in the place of an injection. In rare instances the organism can develop antibodies to GR, and also intracranial pressure can increase. At implication of these symptoms it is necessary to see a doctor and to consult concerning possible change of a dosage.

Neotropin as well as any other hormone of body height, it is impossible to use at any kinds of tumors or predisposition to their education, and also at intracranial injuries or existence of transfer of kidney. At a disease of a diabetes mellitus it is necessary to correct an insulin dose.

Dosage

The dosage of Neotropin is selected individually and is defined proceeding from body weight or the surface area of a body. When using for a set of muscle bulk of a dosage also depend on age - than is more senior, especially low doses of drug will have the expressed effect, and is hollow - women for achievement of similar effect need about one and a half times more hormone of body height, than to men. For professional athletes the recommended dosage of Neotropin is 24-30 pieces a day, for nonprofessionals - isn't lower than 10-16 pieces in days. For achievement of the maximum effect the course Neotropinis recommended to continue not less than 60-90 days.

At the use of Neotropin for combustion of fat the dosage of drug makes 4-8 pieces a day.

Analogs

• Jintropin (Dzhintropin) from Gensi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China)
• Ansomone (Ansomon) from Anhui Anke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Getropin (Getropin) from Zhongshan Hygene Biopharm Co. (China)
• Kigtropin (Kigtropin) from Kigtropin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Dynatrope (Dinatrop) from Dynamic Development Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Mauritius)
• Genotropin (Genotropin) from Pharmacia & Upjohn AB (Sweden)
• Saizen (Sayzen) from Serono (Switzerland, Belgium)
• Humatrope (Humatrop) from Eli Lilly and Lilly France (France)
• Norditropin (Norditropin) from Novo Nordisk (Denmark)
• To Blue Tops (Bl Tops) from Shanghai KeFei United BioTech Co., Ltd. (China)
• Haygetropin

Niacinum (Nicotinic acid)

Niacinum (nicotinic acid, PP Vitamin, Vitamin Vz, Apelagrin, Induratsin, Liplit, Niatsin, Nikolay, Nicodonum, Niconacidum, Nikoten, Nicovitum, Pellagraminum, Peloninum, Pevitonum, Vitaplexum of N) - the vitamin participating in many oxidizing reactions of living cells. The disadvantage of Niacinum leads to pellagra, a disease which symptoms are dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (aphrenia).

Effects of Niacinum

In an organism nicotinic acid turns into Nicotinamidum which is bound to the coenzymes of a codegidrogenasa of I and II (NAD and NADF) transferring Hydrogenium participates in a metabolism of fats, proteins, amino acids, purin, tissue respiration, glycogenolysis, biosynthesis processes.

Normalizes concentration of lipoproteins of a blood; in high doses (3-4 g/days) reduces concentration of cholesterol.

Dilates fine vessels (including a brain), improves microcirculation, has weak anticoagulation effect. It improves memory, coordination of movements.

Niacin in sport

According to scientists, Niacin participates in more than 60 metabolic reactions bound to production of energy, thus, this vitamin can be useful at occupations bodybuilding and other sports as the substance increasing productivity. At athletes higher level of Niacinum in a blood after the training is defined, confirming the fact that requirements at athletes are higher. However, even at a diet with the low maintenance of Niacinum and without its additional reception the organism can independently synthesize nicotinic acid from a tryptophan which contains in large numbers in meat of a turkey. You can try Cerluten.

Besides, ability of nicotinic acid to dilate micro vessels allow to improve a delivery of muscles, due to intensifying of a blood flow, strengthens pamping and venous relief.

Fat burners

It is necessary to notice that Niacinum has also a negative side: at high doses (50 - 100 mg) nicotinic acid is bound to the G-interfaced receptor of GPR109A and slows down process of disintegration of fats. Therefore avoid additional reception of Niacinum during weight loss.

In 2010 the World Journal of Gastroenterology magazine published article in which authors found out that consumption of Niacinum can slow down process of combustion of fat. Researchers assumed that it can be also bound to fluctuations of level of a glucose and insulin in a blood that leads to intensifying of appetite and even augmentation of weight.

Despite the last discoveries, Niacinum it is possible to find often in fat burners and pretraining additives.

Niatsin in food

Products rich with RR vitamin: yeast, a liver, nuts, an egg yolk, milk, fish, chicken, meat, bean, buckwheat, the crude grain, green vegetables, peanuts, any proteinaceous food containing tryptophane. Thermal treatment of milk doesn't change in it the content of RR vitamin.

Content of RR vitamin in some foodstuff

Product / Content of RR vitamin, mg / 100 of a product

Yeast dry / 40.0

Bran wheat / 30.0

Liver / 15.0

Cheese / 10-15

Bird / 9-13

Kidneys / 9-10

Hens the 2nd category / 7.8

Grain: buckwheat, millet, oat / 3.0-5.0

Beef / 5.0

Fish / 3.0

Pork / 2.3

Bean / 2.0

Polished rice / 1.6

Recommended doses

The average recommended dose of 2 - 20 mg a day. The dose can be enlarged to 200 mg.

Table of daily norm of consumption of Niacinum (nicotinic acid)

Paul Vozrast Standard daily rate of consumption of nicotinic acid, mg/days

• Babies up to 6 months 2
• Babies of 7 - 12 months 4
• Children of 1 - 3 year 6
• Children of 4 - 8 years 8
• Children of 9 - 13 years 12
• Men of 14 years are also more senior than 16
• Women of 14 years are also more senior than 14
• Pregnant women Any age 18
• The feeding women Any age 17

Side effect

At reception of high doses in (more than 150 mg): dermahemia of the person and the top half of trunk, paresthesia, giddiness, "inflows" of blood to face skin, arrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, xeroderma and a mucosa of eyes, a hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, mialgiya, nausea, vomiting, round ulcer, exhausting dermal itch.

Neothane

Producer: Neo Labs Ltd.

Active ingredient: synthetic analog of natural peptide hormone of melanocortin.

Release form: bottles on 10 mg in packaging on 10 bottles.

Description

Neothane (Melanotan-2 trademark) is the synthetic analog of natural peptide hormone of melanocortin which stimulates and increases suntan of skin by means of stimulation of development of a pigment of melanin. For the first time Melanotan was synthesized at University of Arizona. Scientists conducted researches and were convinced that direct entering of hormone in a human body is in an efficient manner suntan without sunshine. In May, 2010 the Italian Medical Agency (AIFA - Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco) became the first state organization in the field of health care which approved Melanotan as means for reduction of sensitivity by a sunlight.

Application: In bodybuilding medicine is used for receipt of beautiful suntan without the damaging action of UF-radiation. It is applied also to combustion of fat, increase in a libido and prevention of a melanoma (skin cancer). You can also like Cerluten.

Solution of medicine is entered hypodermically by means of the insulin syringe or bezygol injector of Neojex™. It is possible to refrigerate the prepared doses in syringes. Repeated freezing isn't allowed. Side effects and contraindications:

Side effects of Melanotana-2 are still well not studied. This medicine has exciting properties.

Dosage: The medicine Neotan™ is applied on 1 mg daily to a necessary shade of suntan. Results are shown gradually within 1-3 weeks. For acceleration of pigmentation it is possible to visit sunbed (to 3 times a week) or to sunbathe in the sun. On reaching the necessary shade use of medicine needs to be reduced to 1-2 times a week (medicine won't be necessary to some people for maintenance of the achieved result at all; will be suntan in sunbed or in the sun enough).

Classification, justification and principles of use of not doping pharmacological agents in modern sports medicine

Pharmacological correction is referred on improvement of physical efficiency of athletes and their adaptation to the increasing exercise and psycho emotional stresses; she solves various medical, preventive and pedagogical problems.

In other words, problems of sports pharmacology are:

• correction of metabolic disturbances for maintenance and augmentation of physical efficiency of athletes;
• rising of adaptic fastness and immunologic resistance of an organism to action of intensive and long exercise stresses and psychological strain;
• correction of adaptation to temporary and singular stay of the athlete in various geographical zones, first of all, with adverse climate;
• optimization of recovery processes after loads of various orientation, volume and intensity;
• prophylaxis (and if necessary — treatment) the overstrain and diseases bound to influence of exercise stresses.

Such circle of tasks dictates need of use of a large number of the pharmacological agents influencing the most various links of a metabolism in the athlete's organism.

Pharmacological drugs used in practice of sports preparation on the mechanism of action and influence on certain metabolic processes (Makarova, 2003) are sectioned as follows.

• Agents which are promoting creation of optimum conditions for acceleration of natural processes of post-load restoration by means of improvement of a functional condition of organs of natural detoxicating urinary and gepatobiliarny systems (detoksikant, antioxidants, regidratant, hepatotropic agents, first of all, holecinetik and gepato protector) and artificially accelerating processes of post-load restoration at the expense of a metabolization, removal and binding of toxic metabolites (sorbents, gepato protector, immune modulators, antioxidants; vitamins, macro - and trace substances, including vitamine mineral complexes; agents for improvement of a renal blood flow).
• The agents providing the increased requirements of an organism in the conditions of intense muscular activity in the main alimentary ingredients (vitamins, macro - and trace substances, including vitamin and mineral complexes; regulators of protein metabolism or plastic substrates amino acids and hydrolysates of proteins; regulators of carbohydrate and lipide metabolism, anabolic agents).
• The agents allowing to improve an acceptability of training and competitive loads (antioxidants, anti gipocsant, adaptogens, including biogenic stimulators, anabolic agents; agents for power supply correction; regulators of the psychological status (psychomotor stimulators, sedative and nootropic agents, neuroprotectors); agents for correction of microcirculation and archeology condition of a blood (dezagregant); hemopoiesis stimulators; immune modulators; agents, it is referred regulating acid-base balance of an organism — pH).

It is necessary to consider that any pharmacological means which action is directed to increase in physical working capacity and "optimization" of recovery processes (according to M. D. Didur, optimization can provide both acceleration, and physiological normalization of speed of their course), happen a little or absolutely inefficient in the presence at the athlete of prepathological conditions or diseases proceeding subclinical and also in the absence of adequate dispensing of physical activities. Without reliable regular medic biological and pedagogical testing it is very difficult correct to dose the physical activities answering at the same time to tasks of a certain training period (stage) and opportunities of an organism of the athlete.

When using various means of pharmacological ensuring sports activities it is necessary to represent accurately what metabolic node they influence, what mechanisms of their action and, finally, what nature of influence on efficiency of training process. It is also necessary to consider contraindications to application of various pharmacological means, their interaction, possible side effects.

Rather pharmacological means for increase in indicators of physical working capacity it is necessary to pay attention to such parameters of effect of medicines as the urgent, cumulative and set aside effects, and also differentiation of influence on capacity, reservoir, profitability and feasibility. The efficiency evaluation of the used pharmacological means depending on the period (stage) of a training cycle and specialization, level of sports qualification, nature of power supply of training and competitive loads, an initial functional condition of an organism of the athlete, and also anthropometrical and gender and age features is very important.

Taking into account everything stated above it is clear that purpose of pharmacological means of increase in sports working capacity shall be performed jointly by the sports doctor and the trainer, and use efficiency evaluation — to be under constant medico biological and pedagogical control.

It is important that application of a complex of pharmacological means of ergogen orientation is the reasonable and most effective if it won't be fixed, and it is used during preparation micro cycles, and medicines and dietary supplements vary taking into account objectives. Proceeding from it, the technique of training shall remain the main link in achievement of optimum physical working capacity, and pharmacological correction — auxiliary, though very important component.

And, of course, it is necessary to remember that the athlete can appoint only the registered medicines, and also the means which aren't forbidden to application by Medical commission of the IOC (not relating to the Forbidden list WADA-2008).

The main pharmacological medicines and dietary supplements in elite sport

Adaptogens are natural low-toxic biologically active agents (medicines and dietary supplement) which increase resistance of an organism to adverse (extreme) factors of the external environment, such as physical and psychological activity, stresses, a hypoxia, a heat, cold, overcoming climate-zone zones, etc. Nonspecific action of adaptogens is determined by increase in resilience to harmful effects of a wide range of factors of the physical, chemical and biological nature. Adaptogens positively influence processes of excitement and braking in the central nervous system, thereby having the normalizing effect on an organism irrespective of an orientation of undesirable shifts.

Bigamous stimulators which exact chemical structure is finally not established essentially differ from adaptogens. They render the stimulating effect on an organism in general, and also on reparative and sexual functions. Bigamous stimulators prepare from animal or vegetable raw materials, are registered as medicines or dietary supplements to food.

Nootropic drugs are the agents having direct activating effect on ability to training, improving cerebration and memory (mnestic effect) including motive, and also (neuron protectors) increasing fastness of tissues of a brain to stressor influences. Characteristic property of nootropic drugs is their anti-hypoxemic activity. Nootropic stimulate training process, facilitate information transfer between cerebral hemispheres, normalize a cerebral circulation, strengthen power processes in a brain, increase abilities to assimilation new movement skills.

Antigipocsant improve utilization by an organism of oxygen and reduce requirement in it of organs and tissues, increasing fastness to a hypoxia. Preventive use of antigipoksant can be considered as the measure referred on acceleration of process of recovery of athletes.

Antioxidants or directly are bound by free radicals, or stimulate own antioxidatic system of an organism. Obligation of including of this group of medicines in complex pharmacological correction is caused by their proved properties of correction of the broken energy balance and rising of physical working capacity.

Drugs of plastic action is pharmacological drugs, biologically active agents and dietary supplement which at all stages of sports preparation influence biosynthetic processes, especially synthesis of nucleic acids and protein in an organism of athletes.

Anabolic process provides increase in plastic resources (recovery of the proteins which broke up in the course of activity, carbohydrates and fats). Carry some pharmacological medicines, means of an animal origin to the permitted anabolic means (including beekeeping products), homeopathic remedies, and dietary supplement.

Beekeeping products generally are provided for today in Ukraine by Apilak's tablets is medicine from the dried-up bee uterine milk. One pill taken in the morning once a day contains 10 mg of active ingredient. In other countries medicines of a uterine milk, unregistered in Ukraine, such as Apiserum (France), Apifortil (Germany), Lonzhiveks (Canada), Lakapnis (Bulgaria), Epirginol, Fitadon, Melkaltsin are issued. (Romania). It should be noted that the fresh uterine milk by the efficiency exceeds dried up. In Romania the Apigum chewing gum is issued. The unregistered means in Ukraine from flower pollen, such as dietary supplement of "Politabs-sport", are recommended in case of occupations by weightlifting and for acceleration of recovery in other sports. According to the French scientists, flower pollen accelerates growth and increase in body weight, increases appetite. Pollen never causes an allergy and formation of antibodies in an organism. In Russia flower pollen in tablets on 0.4 g under the name "Tsernilton" which is applied on 2 tablets three times a day to food is issued by weight. Also flower pollen in granules is issued. The minimum daily dose shall constitute at least than 2.5 g. It is impossible to accept flower pollen and a uterine milk inside because in a stomach they collapse digestive juice. Therefore these means are accepted only sublingual (under language) where are soaked up in blood, passing digestive tract.

Means of energy action (energizator), including marker is biologically active agents which, on the one hand, are donors of energy products (ATP, glucose, creatine, a L-carnitine, etc.) and with another — indirectly increase endogenous content in an organism of biomacro molecules which participate in muscular contraction (hormones, cycle metabolites of tricarbon acids and many others). Means of energy action promote recovery and creation of energy depots, raise glycogen inventories, and accelerate transport of fatty acids from cytoplasm in a mitochondrion. ATP, creatine-phosphate and glucose are power sources in an anaerobic and aerobic zone of performance. In case of long physical work they activate glycolysis.

Certain food, homeopathic remedies, a number of pharmacological medicines, dietary supplement, products of the increased biological value: honey, perga, nuts, flower pollen and medicines from them — are capable to influence bio-energetics of muscular contraction, they significantly increase physical efficiency of athletes.

Immune modulators are applied for under a continence of an adequate condition of immune system of an organism which protective properties often decrease in case of the intensive physical and psycho emotional activities inherent in elite sport. Immune suppression is caused by also frequent changes of climatic and time zones. Oppression of immune system indirectly influences physical working capacity (not to mention a susceptibility to infections). It is more preferable to use low-toxic medicines of phyto genesis as immune modulators.

Enterosorbents became the integral component of maintenance of physical working capacity as connect and remove from an organism the toxic substances capable which collected in the course of hard muscular work negatively to influence cardiovascular, respiratory, immune system and blood formation.

The hematologic homeostasis in an organism is supported by blood formation stimulators, and also means for improvement of micro circulator processes and a rheological condition of blood dezagregant. This group of pharmacological means stimulates eritropoez, increasing quantity of erythrocytes cells carriers of hemoglobin, and also provides a normal blood-groove in small blood vessels, supporting oxygen transport at the level adequate to physical activities.

The following drugs and dietary supplement concern to the main representatives of the listed groups of the not doping pharmacological agents applied in sports medicine to working capacity rising.

The main groups of medicines applied at stages of training of athletes

Name of pharmacological group / Pharmaceuticals and dietary supplement

All-tonics, adaptogens / Ginseng ordinary, the Rhodiola pink (a gold root), Araliya manchzhursky, Zamanikh, Levzey saflorovid (maraly root), the Eleuterococcus prickly, the Magnolia vine Chinese, RUS OLIMPIK (Russia, dietary supplement), Alivit (the drug containing flower pollen), Elton, Leveton, Fitoton, Adapton, Pantokrin, Cigapang, aloe extract liquid, Solkoseril, Aktovegin, Mumiye, oil sea-buckthorn, dogrose oil

Nootropa of metabolic action / Aminalonum (Gammalonum), Ginkgo of a bilob and drugs on its basis (Memoplant, Bilobil, Tanakanum, etc.), Fezam, Glitsin, Tserebrolizin, Pikamilon, to Leagues, Aktovegin, Nootropilum (Pyracetamum), Encephabolum, Phenibutum, Sodium a hydroxybutyrate, Neyrobutal, Pantogamum

Neuroprotectors / Acetyl - L - a carnitine (L-carnitine), Fosfatidilserin, Pentoksifillin, Vinpocetinum (Vincaminum), Nitsergolin, Vinkonat, Nimodipin (Tsinnarizin, Flunarizin),

Meksidol and other antioxidants (Dibunolum, Eksifon, Tirilazida ìåñèëàò, Pyritinolum, Meclofenoxatum, Aterovit, Tocopherol acetate), Glitsin, Biotredin

Aktoprotekgora / Optimayzer, Bemitil (Bemaktor), Antikhot, Tomerzol, ATF-LONG

Antigipoksanta / Olifen, Tsitomak (cytochrome C), Mexidol, Mexikor, Kardonat, Reamberin, Limontar, Melatonin, Kvertsetin, Korvitin

Antioxidants / Hepatocuprein, Dibunolum, Tocopherol acetate,

Epadol, Essentiale fort, Lipin, Yantarin, glutaminic acid, Aktovegin, Kratal, Vitam, Kardioplant, Eksifon, Tirilazida ìåñèëàò, Pyritinolum, Meclofenoxatum, Aterovit, TAD-600 (Tationine), Biotad, Epargresiovit

Vitamins / Vitamins of group A and B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, Calcium pantothenate, folic acid, nicotinic acid and Nicotinamidum (RR vitamin), Rutin and Askorutin. Buy online - Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin injection.

Minerals / Biomanganese, Tsinkas and Tsinkas forte, Tsinkteral, Biotsink, Red zinc, Tsinkuprin îëü and Tsinkuprin forte, Biomed, Oligogal a selenium, Selen-Aktiv, Triovit, Selenokhel, Oksiteks, Asmag forte, Biomagny, Magne of B6, Magnesol, Magnerot, Hromokhel, Sorbifer, Maltofer, Tardiferon, Ferro-Folgamma, Biokaly, Kaly-normin, the Calcium gluconat, the Calcium Sodium lactatum, Vitrum Kaltsium +, D3 Vitamin, Kaltsy-D3 Nikomed, Kaltsy-Sandoz forte, Yod-Aktiv

Vitamin complexes / Biovital, Wang-e-dey at most, Vitamaunt for women and Vitamaunt for men, Vitamaks-plus with antioxidants, Solko's Vitamin-15, Vitalyuks, Vitrum and Vitrum plus, Geriavit Pharmaton, Geriamin, Glutamevit, Kvadevit, Gumet-R, Duovit, Ipkavit-M, Epargresiovit

Vitamin and mineral complexes / Kal-s-vita, a drop Beresha Plus, Kobidek of N, Materna, Mistermin, Multibionta plus calcium and magnesium, Multibionta Yunior, Nutrisan, Ol-Amin Oligovit, Pedivit Forte, Captivated, Polivit ãåðèàòðèê, Supradin Roche, Triovit, Walsh Polivit for adults, Upsavit Multivitamin, Fenyuls, Ferro-vital, Ferromaks, Ferro-Folgamma, Tsentrum, Endur VM, Yunikap of M

Immunomodulators / Interferon, Laferon, Tsikloferon, Proleykin, Levamizol, Immunal, Ribomunil, Bronkhomunal, Ekhinatsey, T-aktivin, Timogen

Means of plastic action / Potassiumò, Methyluracil, Sorbite, Fructose, Aminosol, Lipofundin, Intralipid, Infuzolipol, Bodiform, the Detox +, Layflak, Aminon, Alvezin, Ekdisten and medicines containing extract of a levzea saflorovidny (Leveton, Adapton), Dymatize Super amino 4800, Aminoven Infan, Inosine (lnosie-F), "Power max. Tribulus", Tribesteron 1500 (TribeSterone 1500), Bemitil, Antikhot, "Power max. Karnimin", "Power max. Pangtagang", SyntraEC, Max-Amino, amino acids (the USA, dietary supplement)

Makroerg / Ezafosfina (Esafosfina, Italy, Biomedica Foscama, medicine), Repolar (Repolar, Italy, Biomedica Foscama, dietary supplement), Dimefosfon, Fosfaden (Adenosinemono-phosphate, Adenil, Fosfostimol), Neoton (Fosfokreatin, Neoton), ATF-LONG

Other means of energy action / L-carnitine (and also Elkar and Karnifit representing respectively 20% and 10% solutions of a L-carnitine), SWOLE, Neovis (NEOVIS, NEOVIS Plus and NEOVIStres), Qw Coenzyme, "Super Potency Coenzyme", Nitriks (Nitrix, BSN and Nitrox II, Sci Fit), Metoksi-7 (Methoxy-7). Iprlflavone, Panangin (asparka), Aktovegin-forte (solkoserit), Mildronat, medicines of amber acid, such as Yantarin and Yantariin-Detoks, Suktsinat of sodium (salt of amber acid; its Russian analogs; mitomit, yantovit, enerlit), Isostar, AIDS the Booster and AIDS the booster plus one (Speed Booster), a Series ‘Fit Aktiv and "Fit Aktiv with L-carnitine (Feet Active, Feet Active with L-Kamitine), the Purpose of Max. (Cell Max), adaptogens of vegetable and animal origin

Enterosorbents / Atoksil, Attapulgite, Belosorb-P, Karbedon and Karbedon-M, Panzisorb, Polisorb of MT, Silard, Ensoral, Enterosgel, Enterosorbent

Other means of recovery orientation / Stimol, Aerobitin, Sekretagog-1, ZMA (ZMA), Antilaktat

Dezagreganta / Ksantinola (Komplamin), Pentoksifillin (Agapurin, Trental), Kavinton, Lipin, Instenon, Tiklopidin, Klopidogrel, Dipiridamol (Kurantil), Abtsiksimab, Eptifibatid (Integrilin), Tirofiban (Agrostat), Lamifiban, * Prefolik

Stimulators of blood formation (eritropoez) / Ceruloplasmin, Ritmokor; polyvitaminic complexes; the medicines containing iron (aloe syrup with iron, Ferropleks, Tardiferon, Fefol-Vit, Gemofer, Feramid, Venofer, gland, Ferbitol, Ferkoven, Ferrum-lek, Ferakril, Ferlatum, Ferliksid); beekeeping products

Hepatotrophic medicines / Antral, Galstena, Gepabene, Gepar Kompozitum, Gepatofalk-planta, Geptral, Ziksorin, lipoic acid, Legalon, Leprotek, Silimarin-Nekha1, Tiotriazolin, Flamin, Fosfolip, Holagogum, Holiver, Hofitol, Tsitrarginin, Essentsiale and Esseniiale Dote

In modern practice of sports preparation the following medicines are the most preferable to application:

• Among all-tonics and adaptogens is magnolia vine Chinese, having the expressed psychostimulating action; means on the basis of levzea saflorovidny (a maraly root) and "RUS OLIMPIK" possessing anabolic action due to availability in the structure of ekdisteroid; Cigapang who is at the same time a source of minerals; Solkoseril having reparative action and Actovegin having anti-hypoxemic effect. Means of this group have practically no contraindications, from undesirable effects development of psychomotor excitement (it is especially characteristic of a magnolia vine Chinese) therefore it is desirable to accept them in the first half of day is possible.
• Among nootropic medicines of metabolic action there is a ginkgo of a bilob and medicines on its basis (Memoplant, Bilobil, Tanakan, etc.) which distinctive feature is the expressed positive influence on brain blood circulation, and also direct antioxidant action); The Glycine having sedative action; Feninut, possessing sedative and antistress action; Sodium oxybutirat, having sedative and somnolent, and in case of prolonged use and anabolic action; Neyrobutal (distinctive feature is improvement of "combative" qualities, increase in aggression).
• Among neypro protektor Pentoksifillin, Vinpotsetin (Vinkamin, Nitsergolin, Vinkonat), Meksidol and other antioxidants, first of all, Dibunol, Eksifon, Tiril of azid mesilat, Piritinol are most preferable the Atsetil-L-karnitin.
• Among few representatives of a class of aktoprotektor there is Optimayzer (Ukraine, dietary supplement, acto protektor of the emergency action), Bemitil (Bemaktor), Antikhot (the most effective acto protektor of accumulative action is), Tomerzol. Bemitil and Antikhot are especially effective against the background of a high-carbohydrate diet and simultaneous use of medicines of eleuterococcus and amino acids with a branched hydrocarbonic chain (VSAA); are incompatible with barbiturates. In general medicines of this group have very low toxicity.
• Among antigipoksant are Olifen (Gipoksen), Tsitomak (Cytochrome C), Mexidol (Meksikor), Limontar, Kvertsetin (Korvitin).
• Among antioxidants which are representatives of different pharmacological groups of medicamental agents — Tseruloplazmin (drug for intravenous drop administration), Dibunolum (Ionol), the Tocopherol an acetate, Aevitum, Epadol, Yantarin, Eksifon, Tirilazida, Pyritinolum, TAD-600 and Biotad containing in the structure the restored glutathione, Epargresiovit (in the form of solution for injections).
• Among vitamin drugs are vitamins of group A and B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, nicotinic acid and Nicotinamidum (RR vitamin), Rutinum and Ascorutinum. Vitamin drugs of a malotoksichna, but it is necessary to remember that toxic effects of liposoluble vitamins (And yes D) therefore it is impossible to exceed their recommended doses are possible!
• Among mineral complexes are Biomarganets, Tsinkas and Tsinkas forte, Tsinkteral, Biotsink, Red zinc, Tsinkuprin and Tsinkuprin forte, Biomed, Selenokhel, Oksiteks, Asmag forte, Biomagny, Magne of B6, Magnesol, Magnerot, Hromokhel, Sorbifer durulex, Maltofer, Tar-diferon, Ferro-folgamma, Biokaly, Vitrum Kaltsium +, vitamin D, Kaltsy-D, Nikomed, Kaltsy-Sandoz forte, Yod-Aktiv; among vitamin complexes are Biovital, Wang-e-dey at most, Vitamaunt for women and Vitamaunt for men, Vitamaks plus with antioxidants, Vitamin-15 Solko, Vitrum and Vitrum plus, Duovit, Epargresiovit. It is necessary to remember that some trace substances (Zincum, manganese, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, selenium) at over dosage show toxic action therefore it is impossible to exceed the recommended doses. It is desirable to prescribe monodrugs of trace substances under control of maintenance of the corresponding trace substances in blood.
• Among vitamin and mineral complexes are Kap-s-vita (Switzerland), drop Beresha Plus, Kobidek of N, Supradin Roche, Ferro-folgamma, Tsen-trum. In case of purpose of these means it is necessary to remember danger of overdose of oil-soluble vitamins and some minerals!
• Among immunomodulators are Interferon, Laferon (Biofarm, Ukraine) and Tsikloferon, Proleykin, Immunal, Ribomunil. Bronkhomunal, ekhina-tseya, Immunoton, T-aktivin.
• Among means of plastic action are Potassium orotat, Fructose, Aminosol, Lipofundin, Bodiform, the Detox +, Layflak, Aminon, Alvah-zin, "RUS OLIMPIK", Dymatize Super amino 4800, Aminoven Infant (.Aminoven Infant), SyntraEC, lnosie-F (by efficiency exceeding all other medicines of inosine), Power max. Tribulus, Tribesteron 1500 (TribeSterone 1500), Bemitil, Antikhot, Power max. Karnimin, Power max. Pangtuogang, VSSA-Ekstra.
• Among makroerg are Ezafosfina, Neoton (Fosfokreatin. Neotori), Repolar, Fosfaden (Adenosinemono-phosphate, Adenil, Fosfostimol), ATF-LONG.
• Among other means of energy action there is a L-carnitine (and also El-kar® and Carney fit®, 20% and 10% solutions of a L-carnitine representing respectively), SWOLE, Neovis (NEOVIS, NEOVIS plus and NEOVIStres), Coenzyme Q10, Super Potency Coenzyme Q10, Nitriks (Nitrix, BSN and Nitrox II, Sci Fit), Metoksi-7 (Methoxy-7), Ipriflavone, Mildronat, means on the basis of amber acid, such as Yantarin and Yantariin-Detoks, Isostar, AIDS the Booster and AIDS the Booster one (Speed Booster, Weider), the Fit Asset and Fit the Asset with L — Carat — Nitinom Series { Feet Active, Feet Active with L-Kamitine), the Purpose Max (Cell Max).
• Among enterosorbents are Enterosgel (a highly effective enterosorbent on the basis of silicon polyoxide), Belosorb-P, Karbedon® and Karbedon®-M, Ensoral (all four medicines — carbon enterosorbents of the fifth generation), Panzisorb (the combined medicine of a carbon enterosorbent with digestive enzymes). There are practically no contraindications to application of enterosorbents, but the rate, as a rule, shan't exceed two weeks in order to avoid removal from an organism of vitamins and minerals.
• Among means of recovery orientation are Stimol, Antilaktat, Aerobithin, Sekretagog-1 (Secretogog one), ZMA (ZMA). Stimol, Antilaktat and Aerobithin are especially effective for the athletes specializing in cyclic sports, and Sekretagog-1 and ZMA are effective "night" reducers. Contraindications to use of medicines of this group are practically absent.
• Among dezagregant are Tiklopidin, Klopidogrel, acid acetilsalicylic, Abtsiksimab, Eptifibatid (Integrilin), Tirofiban (Agrostat), Lamifiban, Prefolik, Trental. It is necessary to remember that among medicines of acid acetilsalicylic (aspirin) it is better to give preference to means of the Canadian production.
• Among stimulators of blood formation (eritropoez) there is Tseruloplazmin, Ferliksit, medicines containing iron (aloe syrup with iron, Tar-diferon, Fefol-Vit, Gemofer, Feramid, Venofer, gland fumarat, Ferbitol, Ferkoven, Ferrum-lek, Ferakril, Ferlatum, Ferliksit). The Ceruloplasmin combination to iron medicines is rational (for example, with Ferliksit). Stimulators of a hematopoiesis should be applied under hematologic control.
• Among hepato trophic medicines are Antral, Galstena, Tsitrarginin (participates in ammonia neutralization), Gepabene, Gepar (homeopathic medicine), Gepatofalk-planta, Geptral (has, except hepato protective, anti-depressive properties), Ziksorin (the system inductor the mikrosomalnykh of the enzymes of a liver participating in a detoxication of xenobiotics), lipoic acid, Legalon, Leprotek, Silimarin-Hexal®, Tiotriazolin, Flamin, Fosfolip, Holagogum, Holiver, Hofitol, Essentsiale and Essentsiale forte (phospholipid gepatoprotektor). The combination of two-three gepato protector to the different mechanism of action is rational. In case of purpose of means of this group especially it is necessary to consider not only sports specialization and the period of preparation, but also specific features of each athlete: for example, phospholipid gepato protector are contraindicated in case of holestaza.