Doping: How athletes will be punished

Today is actively discussed the issue of legal liability for the use of performance-enhancing drugs. In connection with the measures discussed inflames debate in which opinions were divided athletes.

Actively supports new sanctions Svetlana Zhurova, skater, vice-speaker of the State Duma: "doping law not only necessary, it is necessary, otherwise I would not be so actively engaged in work on them. The draft law is proposed to introduce in the domestic legal framework the term "doping" and attributed to illegal activities distribution, possession and the appointment of an athlete "prohibited substances". The document stipulates that the wrongful act is the refusal and failure to provide samples for anti-doping commission. The project proposes to consolidate the legal status of the National Anti-Doping Association and introduce a rule for mandatory participation in its organs of state representatives and major sports organizations in Russia.

But most importantly - we propose to introduce responsibility for the use of illicit drugs not only for athletes but also for coaches and physicians to facilitate a breach of anti-doping legislation. I will never believe that the coach and the doctor does not know about the forbidden manipulation that holds athlete. And if this is proved, they should incur administrative punishment. "

However, most athletes are convinced that the problem of doping is very ambiguous and the introduction of new laws it will not solve, but only complicate the lives of athletes.

Nikolay Kruglov (biathlon): "I do not think we need to come up with a law to paint that is doping, why some drugs can be taken, while others do not. I think the legislators have yet to do something else. There are anti-doping centers, special laboratories - that is their business. Sports committees can and should check the athletes before competition, but not politics. And then let's introduce a special unit of the police, which will monitor the athletes and then arrest them and imprison ...

I do like the idea slipped from the lips of some officials of the sport, who proposed to equate the removal from the competition on suspicion of doping fraud and judging the athletes as criminals. The idea is good and powerful, but not in our country. We all turn to bribery, extortion, the ability to "remove" unwanted people from a distance and the manipulation of results. So, in my opinion, Russia in the field of doping is better to leave things as they are and do nothing. "

Maria Kiseleva (synchronized swimming): "In my life there was a doping scandal at the Olympics in Sydney. The blood was found banned drug, it became a part of diet pills. Who knew that being said, who knew ... It was threatened with disqualification for 3 months and misses to the Olympics, but I saved a mitigating detail: the doctor wrote in the doping list unfortunate drug that is on record as saying that I accept it.

Naturally, I did not know that the components of a food supplement is just that year - the first time - will be banned, and I still feel that to me some injustice has occurred.

The trouble all athletes, in my view, a lack of awareness. Unable to all those involved in the sport, made aware of the new list of prohibited drugs, which are updated almost every day ... And if the list is corrected, in my opinion, should be more loyal refer to those who "got burned" on a new, just appeared in it points. And I am convinced that in any case it is not necessary to the Code of Administrative Offences to make penalties for athletes - believe me, a man who lives for sports and which suddenly excluded from training or games already punished - worse than ever ... "

Svetlana Khorkina (gymnastics): "Think of the Beijing Olympics. Many said that Chinese athletes used doping, why have such unprecedented results. Samples were taken - did not show anything. What is the conclusion? Progress and new technology. Science does not stand still, it goes along with sports, running sports, because such a result. I am convinced that doping in sport has been at all times, and always will be, and the skill of chemists and scientists - to invent a drug that does not detect any one sample. In many countries over these issues they beat the best minds work leading institutions. But, significantly, those doping scandals that appear and become available to the public - they, as a rule, are not worth a jigger. In the blood of athletes looking for traces of headache pills or painkillers ... and find. A real doping can not be determined ... So all this, in my opinion, unnecessary theater performance. But it may be a party, while you're in the big sports. "

Olga Pyleva (biathlon): "The fact that the drug Phenotropil included in the black list of the World Anti-Doping Agency of me and my doctor made aware only on the eve of the competition. Previously, I always apply it - on the doctor's recommendation. And the fact that it can no longer have affairs, was not only a surprise but a shock - and for me and for other athletes. I have always been honest in the fight, and this absurdity, because of which I was disqualified and stripped of medals after the Olympic Games-2006, alas, no one is forced to think about what is really happening in the world of sports ...

I would very much like to see the law on doping somehow helped athletes, but, alas, the apprehension I have such that it will only worsen the situation and will do so, that person just got on any such absurdity, will never be able to return a great sport.

And, Phenotropil by the way, found in my sample is known to all athletes medication prescribed it for injuries, and I used it for the treatment of an ankle injury. "

Irina Rodnina (figure skating): "Doping control was in all the major competitions is always - and in my time, too. Discussions have been convicted in the sports press were penalties were. But the scandal is not considered. Violations are always punished, but about any criminal liability, fines of a giant pocket athletes and speech could not be. I am therefore very doubtful seems the initiative of our legislators. It is appropriate to introduce in the Code of Administrative Offences and article to create a precedent by condemning one competitor, as here there are those who take advantage of it. Why work on themselves, spending time on the grueling workouts, if you can just bribe the chef who at the restaurant, where lunch is your competitor, athlete, just podsyplet him in the soup any prohibited powder. And the fact that you are not a camel, then he proves neither even the most experienced lawyer. "

Yolanda Chen (athletics): "I am against the new law, I do believe that doping test should be canceled. Will explain. All athletes - people live, they drink and drugs, in fact, everyone take, use of doping. What to catch than an infinite number of Russian athletes, whether biathletes, athletes, weightlifters, and so on, as the doping is not. I probably understand people with medical education. Medical preparations great variety and no one knows which of them will be considered doping commission banned the following year, for example Mildronate. For example, doping gets Furasimide. It is a diuretic drug. Well, what is doping? Here Alina Kabaeva at the time had a problem with Furosemide. But what does this have to do doping in sport? Bollocks something! In most cases it is. Preparations declare prohibited people with no medical training. They do not understand what it is. They think that it is some superpreps that something was building up. This is categorically not the case. I would argue it is one hundred percent. Therefore, probably, without doping is impossible to do, because all the people just use drugs, but for some reason in the sport, these drugs are considered doping and is not normal ... ".

Side Effects of Doping Drugs

Description of side effects associated with the use of substances classified as doping, is presented in the Guidelines for the Prevention of doping use. This document was prepared by the Technical Department of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) with the aim to familiarize coaches in volleyball and beach volleyball with the latest information on prevention of doping use. Guide contains a description of the important WADA Code procedures, the Prohibited List, the use for therapeutic use, the process of doping - control results management, sanctions and appeals, the effects of medication and supplements players in FIVB competitions.

Side effects associated with the use of substances classified as Doping

Drugs with an anti-estrogen exposure

Side effects associated with the use of substances with anti-estrogen exposure include:

• fever;
• weight gain;
• fluid retention in the body;
• cardiovascular disorders such as thrombosis (blood clot), hyperlipidemia (excess fat in the blood);
• osteoporosis;
• blurred vision;
• liver toxicity.

Alcohol

Alcohol can increase the self-confidence that other people may be unbearable. It could jeopardize both the athlete and the other people around him. Furthermore, constant use of alcohol may result in:

• vomiting;
• incoherent speech;
• «double vision" in the eyes;
• loss of concentration and memory;
• destruction of the liver;
• defective perception of the environment;
• lack of self-control;
• sleepiness;
• shallow breathing;
• sexual disorders;
• addiction.

Anabolic androgenic steroids

The use of anabolic androgenic steroids can seriously affect human health. The list of side effects is long and varied. Many of the above side effects are reversible if the person ceases to use anabolic steroids, but those marked with an asterisk (*) in the table below may be permanent, depending on the duration of use and dose. (You can also like Phenotropil pills)

Anabolic steroids mimic the hormone produced naturally; They nonetheless hinder normal operation and hormones can lead to harmful effects, such as:

• increased risk of liver disease;
• increased risk of cardiovascular diseases;
• increased risk of contracting hepatitis and HIV / AIDS;
• high blood pressure;
• psychological dependence;

For men:

• acne;
• shrinkage of the testicles *;
• reduction in sperm production *;
• impotence *;
• infertility;
• enlarged prostate;
• an increase in the chest;
• early baldness;
• a potential violation of the liver and kidneys *;
• increased aggression and mood swings;
• decreased sex drive.

For women:

• acne;
• the development of male characteristics;
• deepening of the voice *;
• accelerated growth of hair on the face and body *;
• disruption of the menstrual cycle;
• enlargement of the clitoris *;
• increased aggression and mood swings;
• fetal damage
• decreased sexual desire.

For adolescents:

• severe acne on the face and body;
• precocious puberty;
• stunting due to the premature termination of drives growth in the spine and bones.

Artificial oxygen carrier

The harmful effects of side effects caused by oxygen carriers, can be extremely dangerous, especially if it is difficult to determine the dosage of these chemicals.

Side effects of fluoro-carbons include:

• short-term fever;
• Reducing the number of platelets;
• blood poisoning (if the substance with an impurity);
• irritability;

Possible side effects of hemoglobin include:

• high blood pressure;
• narrowing of the blood vessels;
• an overabundance of iron.
• renal failure;

Beta-blockers

Side effects of the use of beta-blockers include:

• low blood pressure and slow heartbeat;
• sleep disturbance;
• sexual dysfunction;
• feeling of fatigue and reduced activity;
• spasm of the respiratory tract;
• heart failure;
• depression;
• narrowing of the blood vessels in the hands and feet.

Beta 2 agonists

Possible side effects include use of:

• palpitations;
• headache;
• nausea;
• sweating;
• muscle cramps;
• unbalanced mental state.

Blood Doping

It leads to dangerous health risks, including:

• jaundice;
• excessive blood circulation;
• increases the risk of contact infections such as hepatitis and AIDS;
• blood poisoning;
• blood clots, heart attack or heart failure
• metabolic shock;
• allergic reactions (rash, or since the temperature to kidney failure) using the wrong blood type matched.

Cannabinoids

Results of use can include:

• condition similar to intoxication;
• loss of perception of time and space;
• reduced alertness, balance and coordination;
• reduced ability to perform complex tasks;
• loss of concentration;
• Increased blood pulse;
• increased appetite;
• instability of mood - rapid changes from euphoria to depression

Long-term use of marijuana can result in:

• Loss of attention and motivation;
• corrupt memory and learning abilities;
• weakening of the immune system;
• respiratory diseases such as lung and throat cancer, chronic bronchitis;
• psychological dependence.

Corticotropin

Short-term effects of use include:

• irritation of the stomach;
• stomach ulcers;
• irritability;
• infection;

Other side effects include:

• softening of the connective tissue;
• high blood sugar;
• lowered immunity to infections;
• weakening damaged tissue in the muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments;
• infection;
• osteoporosis;
• cataracts;
• water retention.

Diuretics

Some of the side effects of use include:

• fainting or loss of consciousness;
• dehydration;
• muscle cramps;
• drop in blood pressure;
• loss of coordination and balance;
• confusion, mental changes or variability in mood;
• heart problems.

Erythropoietin

There are some serious health risks:

• thick blood;
• increased risk of blood clots, heart attack;
• increased risk of infectious diseases such as hepatitis or AIDS;
• risk of auto immune reaction because antibody preparation can definitely destroy Erythropoietin, which is naturally produced by the body.

Gene Doping

Since most of the technologies in this area are at the experimental stage, long-term changes in the genetic material are unknown, though it has been reported many deaths during the experiment. Some potential side effects of gene doping:

• the development of cancer;
• allergy;
• metabolic dysfunction.

Glucocorticosteroids

When Glucocorticosteroids get into the blood stream, there are numerous side effects, including different systems of the body. Possible side effects of high doses include:

• fluid retention;
• increased susceptibility to infections;
• osteoporosis (abnormal bone damage, which leads to bone fragility and porosity);
• weakening of the damaged tissue in the muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments;
• imbalance in the nervous system, convulsions and muscle cramps;
• slowing or cessation of growth in young athletes;
• loss of muscle mass;
• heartburn, regurgitation, gastritis, ulcers;
• softening of the connective tissue (tendons and ligaments);
• changes of blood vessels, which may lead to the formation of blood clots;
• psychiatric disorders such as mood swings or insomnia.

Gonadotrophin

Gonadotropin stimulates the production of testosterone, the side effects may be similar to the side effects that occur when you use anabolic steroids. Other side effects include use of:

• pain in bones and joints;
• attacks of fever;
• decreased libido;
• impotence;
• allergic reactions and rashes;
• nausea;
• headache;
• irritation;
• digestive problems;
• irregular heartbeat;
• shortness of breath;
• loss of appetite;
• depression;
• tiredness;
• rapid increase in human growth.

Growth hormones and insulin intake

There are dangerous side effects associated with use of these drugs:

• shaking, sweating, restlessness;
• worsening of cardiovascular diseases;
• rapid development of tumors;
• abnormal enlargement of the heart;
• acceleration of osteoarthritis (chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints);
• excessive growth of internal organs, bones, ears, skin thickening, changing facial features, thickening and an increase in the fingers and toes;
• pain in muscles, joints and bones;
• excessive stress;
• diabetes in people predisposed to the disease;
• gigantism in young people (excessive growth of the skeleton).

Insulin

Side effects of the use of Insulin is not for medical purposes is very serious, and include low blood sugar, which in turn can lead to:

• fever;
• vomiting;
• weakness;
• shortness of breath;
• sleepiness;
• diseases of the pancreas;
• coma;
• disruption of brain death.

Narcotics

The use of drugs to reduce pain can be dangerous, as the substance is simply hiding the pain. With a deceptive sense of security caused by the drug, the user can ignore the potentially serious damage, and to continue to lead an active life, risking further complications or permanent problems. Additionally, other drugs have side effects:

• Slow breathing;
• slow heart rate;
• drowsiness;
• loss of balance, coordination and concentration;
• suppression of the respiratory system, and death;
• euphoria;
• nausea and vomiting;
• constipation;
• physical and psychological dependence.

Stimulants and Analeptic

The use of stimulants can cause a serious cardiovascular and psychological problems, as well as others:

• overheating of the body;
• dry mouth;
• increased and irregular heartbeat;
• high blood pressure;
• dehydration;
• increased risk of stroke, arrhythmia and heart attack;

Stimulants may also bring to the relationship.

• visual disturbances;
• problems with coordination and balance;
• agitation and aggression;
• insomnia;
• weight loss;
• tremor (involuntary shudder of the body).

Sports Pharmacology

Author directory "Sport pharmacology" - Head of the biologically active substances department of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physical Culture, MD, professor Seyfulla.

For the first time in the international practice of sports pharmacology written guide, which highlights ways to enhance adaptation to physical exertion of athletes using drugs, dietary supplements and special diet. Directory is a continuation of the development of alternative, anti-doping sports pharmacology.

RD Seyfulla, being president of the International Academy of Informatization pharmacology UN information, introduces the reader to the latest achievements of domestic sports pharmacology.

The following are excerpts from the "Introduction", "Sports and Doping", "Factors limiting athletic performance", "doping control procedure and possible fraud bioassay", "Acute poisoning doping".

Introduction

Domestic pedagogical and medico-biological system of training athletes is deservedly considered the best in the world, the basic principles of which are used in many countries in the training process and competitive activities. The challenge of improving athletes-class, as well as the development trend of high performance sport puts the biomedical and pharmacological support in a number of important problems of sports medicine and general pharmacology in particular ...

For beginners, and experienced sports doctor, not so easy to understand the intricacies of the problem of the use of drugs in sport. There is a number of fundamental issues. What can and what can not? If so, what, when and how? ..

Sports and doping

All kinds of physical activity are divided by the intensity of loads at a very high, high, medium and low intensity. This corresponds to the level of sports qualification of top-class athletes (Olympic champions and world champions), masters of sports of international class masters of sports, fuses, persons engaged in physical activity not engaged in physical culture and dealing with physical therapy for rehabilitation of certain functions using given physical activity. Naturally, the requirements for these individuals, their fitness, nutrition and pharmacologic software will be different. However, they all have their limits, which limit human physical performance. It should be borne in mind that these factors limiting performance, depending on the type of physical activity, which can be subdivided in accordance with the classifications of sports into five main groups:

• 1.Cyclical sports with primary display of endurance (jogging, swimming, cross country skiing, speed skating, all kinds of boating, cycling, etc.), when the same movement is repeated many times, spent a lot of energy, and the work itself is done with high and very high intensity. These sports require the support of metabolism, specialized food, especially in the marathon, when switching power sources of carbohydrate (energy phosphates, glycogen, glucose) in the body. Hormonal control systems of these types of metabolism are essential, as in the prediction and correction pharmacological performance.
• 2.The speed-strength types, where quality is the main manifestation of an explosive, a short time and very intense physical activity (all sprint, throwing and weight lifting, etc.). In most cases these symptoms are dependent on genetic determinants and the sources of energy to ensure that such activities are fundamentally different at the manifestation of endurance. There are cyclic sequence of motor actions (running, racing) and acyclic (throw). It is very difficult to improve the result by one hundred meters, while the strength and endurance training are more prone to stress. The same applies to the pharmacological correction. Natural Born sprinters have a high percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers in comparison with the long-distance runners. Speed is very demonstrative indicator that undergoes with increasing age of the earliest and pronounced decline in comparison with the strength and endurance. The increase in body weight in all throwers and weight lifters require special monitoring of specialized nutritional and catabolic shift in the anabolic phase of metabolism without the use of anabolic steroids and growth hormone. At the same sprinters unacceptable uncontrolled weight gain. The prevailing carbohydrate metabolism and energy sources: energy phosphates, glycogen and glucose. It becomes clear the problem of pharmacological correction (Mildronate).
• 3.Martial arts are very numerous types of sports activities (all kinds of wrestling, boxing, etc.). A characteristic feature of the energy consumption in the martial arts is a fickle, cyclical levels of physical activity, depending on the specific conditions of the struggle, even though, at times, they reach very high intensity. Type of physical activity, its duration and intensity are the basis for the selection of pharmaceutical products. These sports, in most cases, quite traumatic, that can cause disorders of microcirculation and metabolic processes in the brain, therefore it is necessary to use drugs as protectors nootropic action (Phenotropil, Noopept).
• 4.Game types are characterized by constant alternation of intense muscle activity and relaxation, when the athletes are not involved directly in the game episodes. Of great importance are the coordination of movements, and mental stability. Tasks related to the pharmacological ensure correction of the recovery process, energy compensation, improvement of metabolic processes in the brain with the help of vitamin complexes, nootropics, adaptogenic plant and animal origin, as well as antioxidants (Cytamines).
• 5.Difficult-focal species based on the finest elements of the movement, as is the case in figure skating, gymnastics, diving, shooting, requiring excellent speed and attention. Physical activity varies widely. For example, to make the difficult jump, you need a huge explosive force, while at shooting requires concentration and a decrease tremor. Of great importance is increasing the mental stability of herbal preparations soothing action (valerian, hawthorn without alcohol components), nootropics, vitamin complexes, energy-rich foods.
• 6.It is difficult technical types is largely associated with the use of technical equipment (auto racing, bobsled, parachuting, sailing and many others). The level of physical activity may not reach very high values, but the tension is at the limit of human capabilities, which defines the principles of pharmacological correction - improving mental stability (Afobazol, Phenibut).

In addition, there are a number of mixed sports where there are different types of combined events, including the listed types of physical activity of the person. Naturally, pharmacologic maintenance tasks differ significantly and fundamentally. I should add that there are many problems with the restoration and maintenance of the high intellectual level of the competition in chess as a sport.

Thus, there is no reason to believe that there are universal pharmacological tools that could help solve the unique challenges of sports pharmacology.

Thus, sports activities include virtually all types of physical performance as a dynamic and static. Next, we consider the pharmacological agents that affect endurance, speed, strength, coordination, taking into account the intensity of physical activity.

Over the past 15 years found that depending on the sport in various countries following dopes applied.

The use of performance enhancing drugs in sports:

• 1.The speed-power types: weightlifting, throwing, bodybuilding, sprint in athletics, swimming, skating, cross-country skiing, race, racing.
• Doping: Anabolic Steroids, Growth Hormone, Gonadotropin, Amphetamines, Diuretics and Mildronate, others.
• Complications: Abrupt changes: metabolic, hormonal, and masculinization of women and virilization of males.
• 2.Sports with a primary display of endurance, cyclic sports: running, swimming, skiing, bike racing, speed skating (long distance).
• Doping: Anabolic Steroids, Growth Hormone, Gonadotropin, GW1516, Blood Doping, Nootropics and other stimulants.
• Complications: The loss of orientation and consciousness, deaths, violation of hormonal status, and others.
• 3.Game types: football, basketball, rugby, baseball, hockey and hockey, handball, volleyball, golf and others.
• Doping: Alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana and others.
• Complications: Death, loss of consciousness, toxic effects.
• 4.Difficult-coordinating sports: high jump, diving, figure skating, gymnastics, fencing and others.
• Doping: Alcohol, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, beta-blockers and others.
• Complications: Drug addiction, alcoholism, and others.
• 5.Martial Arts: all kinds of wrestling, boxing, martial arts and others.
• Doping: Narcotic analgesics, marijuana and alcohol.
• Complications: Drug addiction and others.

In equestrian sport, various doping depending on the specific tasks (stimulants, tranquilizers and other drugs), so conducted doping control of horses.

Factors limiting athletic performance

Currently, a lot is known about the biophysics, biochemistry, morphology and physiology of muscle contraction. Molecular hybridization methods elucidated the role of Actin and Myosin, fast and slow ultrastructure fibers and pathway leading to the synthesis energy molecules of electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, the role of free radicals in the regulation of biological membranes functional lability and locomotor activity in mammals. However, there are major gaps in the understanding of the principles of pharmacological correction of physical human health as a result of significant differences between the data obtained on simple biological models in molecular biology and trials of drugs to sportsmen of high qualification (including micro-biopsy with the analysis of the ultra-structure of muscle fibers, marker enzymes of mitochondria, features the dynamics of metabolism, hormonal and others), whose main qualities are strength, speed, endurance, coordination of movements, and much more ...

... With the evolution of all living things appear arbitrary forms of movement that are controlled by the body and need to be self-powered.

In the process of life in higher organisms as a depot of energy and methods for its implementation movement can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic. They differ in the duration of the work and participation of oxygen.

Anaerobic alaktatic for short and intensive work (sprint) - without O2 formation of lactic acid (alaktic) due to the energy phosphates.

Anaerobic lactate for medium distances - without participation of O2 to produce lactic acid (lactate), and glucose oxidation and glycogen.

Mixed zone anaerobic-aerobic energy performance characterized by using O2 involving glycogen and free fatty acids as an energy source. The ratio of these processes, oxygen, energy is represented:

Anaerobic

1. ATP → ADP + P + free energy,

2. Creatine Phosphate + ADP → Creatine + ATP,

3. 2 ADP → ATP + AMP

4. Glycogen or Glucose + P + ADP + ATP → lactate.

Aerobic

5. Glycogen, Glucose, fatty acid + P + O2 + H2O → CO2 + ATP.

The accumulation of energy in the cells occurs due to intake of energy of the animal and plant products. Energy value of these products can be presented as follows: carbohydrates provide 60%, fat 25%, protein 15% of the energy to do the work. accumulation or recovery rate at the preliminary energy consumption can vary greatly depending on the functional state of the organism, of the sport, as well as the effect of certain drugs.

Motor activity is provided by human muscle contractility which is dependent on the rate of accumulation and power consumption. Between consumption and recovery of energy there is a dynamic equilibrium, which depends on many factors and is a significant difference in the women's 50 meters and 42,195 kilometers. In principle, the following possibilities:

• restoration of the normal and the normal flow - optimal performance;

• Insufficient recovery and normal consumption - reduced performance;

• normal recovery, and increased consumption - reduced performance.

Therefore, to maintain constant energy depot or should reduce consumption and increase recovery. When the sporting nature of problems flow intensity increases tenfold, and reduce it can only reduce the physical load, which is unacceptable, especially in a competitive activity. There remains a real opportunity to accelerate the recovery of the energy depot by dietary factors and pharmacological agents acting as a proof-of economization or accelerate the "ignition" of nutritious foods.

Therefore, to improve the efficiency of energy necessary to accelerate the recovery of the depot. R. Astrand gives the following values of the energy capacity of the main products in energy calories a person weighing 75 kg:

Energy products:

• ATP - 1.5 Kcal
• creatine phosphate - 3.5Kcal
• Glycogen - 1200Kcal
• Lipids - 50000Kcal

As you can see, the energy reserves of the human body vary greatly according to the method of its storage. For endurance it very much, but for the sprint - is very small. It follows that, first of all, it is necessary to provide sufficient energy to perform work in a particular sport and in particular during the preparation of (micro-, meso- and macrocycles, and after the event). The team doctor must calculate any necessary products, their ratio (proteins, fats and carbohydrates, water, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins) and the number. Depending on the training period (or competition recovery) the power consumption can be 1500-10000 calories per day. Power athletes in the training process, precompetitive period, the competition and after the competition has a dramatic difference. Given these differences, it is possible to think about the practical application of the additional resources that affect the dynamics of sports training.

human performance, is one of the most important qualities that testifies to his physical condition and capabilities to adequately respond to changing environmental conditions, that is, to adapt to them.

The movement formed in the brain, and is implemented at the periphery, which implies the indissoluble unity of the multi-stage system of regulation in traffic management, as well as energy supply, delivery of metabolic products to the working muscles, release of waste substances and their elimination from the body. It is this multi-level system is the object of the action of pharmacological agents which are means of correcting its functional state.

Designed by B.C. Farfel about 60 years ago, and power classification of zones, which are widely used in sports practice and in the theory and methodology of physical education, has been drawn up on the basis of the analysis of world achievements in running men. According to the author, the plot of "speed - time" is divided into four zones, called "zones of relative power."

The first zone is characterized by maximum power, where time is no more than 2-3 tens of seconds and, as shown by later investigations of other specialists, limited resources, energy phosphates muscle cells, particularly creatine.

Middle distance with an operating time of 3-5 minutes and a source of energy by anaerobic-glycolytic processes have been included in the second zone. This area is referred to as submaximal.

The third zone - high power, suitable for the majority of stayers distances. Power supply mixed and realized by aerobic and anaerobic processes in the run length 20-30 E chickpeas.

The fourth zone - moderate power, includes all super-stayers distance. Running time is a few hours, and power supply depends on the anaerobic processes.

After a thorough analysis, the researchers add significantly to the above concept and on the basis of large statistical material made their own conclusions on the various age groups, as well as the best world achievements. It was found that the increase in world achievements in men and in large areas of moderate power is more pronounced than in the zones of maximum and submaximal power. The average rate at which each distance is overcome by 4% in the sprint and 24% in the stayers distances higher than it was 50 years ago. It is also noted that differences in the endurance of men and women the stronger, the lower the power load (running speed).

It should be noted that 60 years ago, hardly used stimulants modern performance, and they are used very widely in the last 10-15 years. We do not think that the difference in the achievements of the athletes depends on the pharmacological effects. An important factor is necessary to recognize and improve the methods of teacher training. These prerequisites are required to discuss the specifics of the effect of different drugs depending on the power of the work, its duration and energy. Note that on "pharmaceutical preparation" in all civilized countries has received considerable attention in biomedical support rail only athletes, but also other people in need of this ...

Increased efficiency means to perform certain tasks in a shorter amount of time, the manifestation of great power qualities, mental stability, coordination and other properties. Reduced performance is the result of fatigue after intense work done or occurring disease and is characterized by a great time of its performance, decrease power, mental stability and coordination of movements.

Naturally, when the brain lesions of the cerebellum, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system pathologies gets tough, sometimes incompatible with life, as it often happens in neurological practice and sometimes in athletes.

Repairing is a consequence of its removal at the source level. In contrast to the recovery super-compensation is an increase in performance to a higher than the original level, as a result of pedagogical and pharmacological effects after use.

Adaptation to physical activity implies taking into account the speed of recovery and improve physical performance by increasing the amount and intensity of stress as a result of the training process. Pharmacological agents that accelerate the adaptation to physical stress and other extreme factors, referred to as adaptogens. At present they number several dozen, and they are successfully used in classic and sports medicine. It is advisable to name the group of medicines that reduce the physical efficiency. For example, these include antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressants, and overdoses of anabolic steroids, stimulants, and many other drugs.

Doping control procedure and possible manipulation of bio-samples

Doping control is carried out in all kinds of sports. It is mandatory to test the first four members of the final classification, and others - by drawing lots. After the competition the athlete is awarded a notice of doping - control services escort doping - control, that from this moment keeps it under review and accompanies him / her no later than one hour after the competition in the waiting room, where personal identification is made. Things athlete may also be inspected if there is a suspicion that the possible manipulation of the bio-sample.

The athlete must choose the capacity of 75 ml for sampling and urinate in the bottle 2/3 A and 1/3 of the bottle B. After this sealed container, and the remaining urine is destroyed. The representative of doping - control measures immediately pH (it should be at least 5 and not more than 7) and urine specific gravity (1,010 and above). If these data do not meet the requirements, it may be followed by a proposal to pass another test. The athlete must inform the representative of doping - control of which drugs were used in the last three days.

Samples A and B are placed in the container for transportation to the laboratory. All violations were noticed or athlete representative, recorded in the minutes. In order not to apply sanctions against an athlete, he has no right to refuse to give bioassay for analysis. This is followed by transportation. If the sample is found doping And then analyze the sample in the sample B. If B is also found doping, the chairman of the IOC MC collects commission meeting, where the athlete is invited intruder and his representatives, and then the results of analyzes are directed ¬ IOC president, who collects The IOC Executive Board to discuss sanctions. If the sample is not detected in doping, the monitoring results are considered negative. This was reported to representatives of the National Olympic Committee.

That such a procedure, without further detail, comes from the time the sample is taken before the conclusion of the IOC MC. Naturally, measures were taken in order to enter the service of doping - control misleading. At all stages of the transfer of samples there is a real possibility of substitution of other, containing no dope. Athletes entered manage himself (via doctors) catheter into the bladder with a capacity that accommodates the amount of urine required for analysis. At the time of urination cork is removed from the catheter, and derives not own urine, and one in which a drug can not be detected. The possibilities for manipulation exist in the doping lab, when a dirty pipette, dishes, etc. There were cases when the athlete fed a diet which contained the dopes. We conducted an experiment: the chickens injected anabolic steroids. Then the chicken meat are eaten employee of the department. Anabolic steroids have been found in his urine. Or, in water samples submitted to the laboratory added Furacilin and steroids were found ...

Acute poisoning of doping

The use of performance enhancing drugs can cause side effects, since it is quite toxic pharmacological agents. Acute poisoning doping may be a single admission of excessive doses and require immediate measures of emergency prior to the arrival of "Ambulance". From this patient's life depends on it. Below are the main symptoms and appropriate therapeutic measures in acute poisoning doping.

The main clinical symptoms and the necessary measures in case of doping poisoning

• 1.Doping: Narcotic analgesics: Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Opium, Promedolum
• Clinical picture: Oppression of consciousness, respiratory failure, pinpoint pupils, hypothermia, hypotension, weakness of limbs, convulsions, pulmonary edema.
• Medical therapies: Maintaining breathing, until mechanical ventilation O (ALV), intravenously Naloxone, 2 ml of 10% caffeine, 2 ml Cordiamine, / in 1-2 ml of 0.1% Atropine
• 2.Doping: Barbiturates: Phenobarbital, Barbamyl, barbital, Amobarbital, secbutabarbital and etc.
• Clinical picture: Prevention of hypoxia and shock, varying degrees of depression of consciousness to complete absence, lack of reflexes, cyanosis.
• Medical therapies: Detoxification activities aimed at accelerating the excretion of Barbiturates, elimination of coma, respiratory function and support of the cardiovascular system.
• 3.Doping: Alcohol is completely absorbed into the bloodstream up to 2 hours or more, if there was a meal.
• Clinical picture: Over 1 hour 30 g metabolized 90% alcohol or beer 300 g. The main danger - respiratory depression. Lethal dose -500 g of 90% alcohol. The favorable prognosis, if we can overcome the sharp hypoxia. Different degrees of CNS depression.
• Medical therapies: Analeptics: Caffeine, Amphetamine, Theophylline, Mildronate and others do not contribute to sobering up and the ability to drive a car, you need a gastric lavage, if necessary - the ventilator and other events..
• 4.Doping: Amphetamines
• Clinical picture: Psychosis, hyperthermia, hypertension, dilated pupils, vomiting, diarrhea, arrhythmia, seizures, coma, respiratory arrest
• Medical therapies: Induce vomiting, stomach wash. PO / m, 50 mg of Chlorpromazine, anti-arrhythmic agents, Phentolaminium preparations etc.
• 5.Doping: Strychnine, Securinine
• Clinical picture: Shortness of breath, muscle stiffness and twitching, seizures, tonic seizures, and death due to asphyxia
• Medical therapies: Gastric lavage, Activated Carbon, Saline Laxatives, 10-20 ml of Diazepam, an ether-oxygen anesthesia, ventilation, cardiovascular agents, Mildronate.
• 6.Doping: Ephedrine
• Clinical picture: Nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, ventricular fibrillation, collapse, loss of consciousness, death
• Medical therapies: Gastric lavage, activated charcoal, forced diuresis, in convulsions - 2.5% solution of Chlorpromazine, Aminazine.

It should be noted that also possible poisoning and codeine, diuretics, beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and other drugs, but they are rare. Cases enter the firing line-shooters athletes in a deranged state after drinking alcohol.

The success of therapeutic interventions sports doctor, mainly depends on correct diagnosis and treatment of pre-clinical. Hiding reception doping is unacceptable, because it can be the cause of the death of an athlete.

What is the "sportsmanship"?

A small digression. Interestingly, in the early 60-ies of the last century doctors prescribed Methandrostenolone simply to raise the tone - even women! Bodybuilding magazines of the time were full of recommendations on the use of certain pharmacological agents - well, a hair's breadth the same way as is happening with various additives such as Creatine and Glutamine.

Fighters against doping is, as a rule, two arguments in favor of the rightness of their cause: the first - a drug has a negative impact on the health of athletes, and the second - doping violate the rules of fair competition, the so-called rule of "sportsmanship" or “fair play”. Let's take a little "stroll" on these two items. Point one - the health of athletes. It is interesting that fall under the ban not just a harmless procedure, and often healthy, to take at least the same "blood doping" or for example Mildronate. With regard to Anabolic Steroids, they are to some extent attenuate the huge negative impact training load on the body of the athlete. And the fact that these loads without reducing pharmacological agents may result, and sometimes lead to death of athletes, especially young ones, a fact. And, pray tell, whether steroid can - "modificants", which has not passed clinical trials to be more harmless than proven drug well in practice? But banning public anabolic steroids "fighters against doping" push athletes to test themselves with unknown drugs.

The second point - a fair fight. Tell me, what kind of fair competition may be involved, when some athletes for financial reasons, simply do not have the possibility use those drugs that are used with impunity other ?! Does anyone really think that no one ever caught champions prepared without doping? But no - they just huge funds allocated by the state or the sponsors, allow to hide it. As a result, athletes from developed countries are put in a much better position compared to the athletes of those countries that can not afford to spend on the creation of undetectable doping means extra money. The latter fall and post-Soviet countries, and the states of Eastern Europe, let alone Africa. And all this is called "fair game"? Let that, then, "unfair game"?!

So who benefits?

In the first place - the USA, this is the country actually holds on "the financial hook" anti-doping committees, often simply dictating them, someone to catch on doping, and to whom a blind eye. Yes, and the other industrialized countries, too, because they can afford to spend on Olympic sport (in professional sports anti-doping if it is present, it is only in order to temporarily withdraw from the game some objectionable athletes) many millions of dollars, creating new and new ones are not defined using a drug - test preparations and methods of avoiding doping - control. This puts them in a clearly more advantageous position than its competitors.

Advantageously it and those who have made a drug test their business. They do not care, by and large, in the interests of the sport - self comes to the body, and the money, as it is known, does not smell. It's a pity only that this break the fate of any innocent people - athletes, coaches and doctors. One thing is clear: neither the athletes and their coaches, especially those from countries that are not sparkling, say, economic development indicators, not to you and me - ordinary viewers eager to see this fight, not sorry for her imitation or unconditional domination of one athlete over the other - this not profitable.

The enemy ¹1 - Anabolic Steroids

A small digression. Interestingly, in the early 60-ies of the last century doctors prescribed Methandrostenolone simply to raise the tone - even women! Bodybuilding magazines of the time were full of recommendations on the use of certain pharmacological agents - well, a hair's breadth the same way as is happening with various additives such as Creatine and Glutamine.

The use of doping in sport was not considered something immoral, unethical, it was only after the ban a number of drugs. Interesting fact - the athlete is considered "naturals", if it takes not prohibited pharmacological preparations. Once this drug falls under the ban, the athlete immediately from the "naturals" category is translated into the category of "chemists". Funny attitude, do not you ?! But back to our "sheep". By the early to mid 80's fight against doping in sport has evolved from a crusade enthusiastic individuals in a very profitable business, in which many thousands of people were employed. These professionals have received and receive still very considerable salary - who voluntarily free up space "under the sun"? 

Well established in the beginning of this century, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has gone so far as to shamelessly imposing tribute to the various federations and National Olympic Committees (by the way, the biggest "sponsor" WADA is the NOC of the same United States), and threatening them with excommunication from the Olympics the case of disobedience. Given the fact that WADA no their laboratories or their experts, it is unclear where the money goes from this legalized racket. More precisely, it is clear where ... Again, go back to the mid-eighties. Somehow by itself it turned out that because of the diversity of doping agents quickly allocated Androgens and Anabolic Steroids, and the main effort "guardians of the purity of the sport" were sent to fight it with them. In 1984, on the shelves of book stores USA appeared the creation of a Bob Goldman, "Death in the locker room." Distortion, distortion of facts in this book had everything but the truth. Yes, the truth-and did not need - by performing a certain social order. You can also like Phenotropil pills

Why did it happen? Why, in general, harmless products were declared a sort of "universal evil"? A significant role is played by the desire of sports nutrition manufacturers to knock off the market hitherto invincible competitor - because no-brainer that any sports supplements can never be a full replacement quite effective pharmacological drugs. The grains of this desire became the fertile soil - were found in the US congressmen and senators who wish to make to the fight against this terrible "monster" capital. If not financial (which is not excluded), then certainly, at least, political. The result is known - first in the US, and then in some other countries, laws have been passed, effectively putting anabolic steroids on par with the ... substance! Thus, from legal trade, these are often very useful drugs were simply removed.

The fight against doping in Russian sports

Today, more and more people in Russia comes to realize that the fight against doping - a fight for the prestige of our country, for its reputation. Doping scandals involving Russian athletes have increasingly become the subject of discussion not only of journalists and sports officials, but also scientists and politicians.

One of the most famous was the trial after the Goodwill Games in Brisbane (Australia, 2001) associated with the use of a prohibited Diuretic (Furosemide) gymnast Alina Kabaeva and Irina Tschaschina. At the Olympics in Salt Lake City in 2002 in a scandal with Erythropoietin - a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells - were involved skiers Larisa Lazutina and Olga Danilova. Putter Irina Korzhanenko – anti-heroine Olympic Games in Athens 2004 was disqualified for life, as caught on doping for the second time. In Turin, in the center of the 2006 doping scandal was our biathlete Olga Pyleva, devoid of "silver."

A group of deputies of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, headed by Vice-Speaker of the House Svetlana Zhurova introduced to the State Duma a bill that introduces the concept of "doping" and aims to fight against its use in sports.

The bill "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On physical culture and sports in Russia "says that under the doping refers to not only the prohibited substances and methods, but also the actions that are made with them and with the samples obtained at doping control, the have to use, the appointment of an athlete. It is also spread, falsifying doping control, refusal or failure to provide samples, and violation of rules on athlete availability for a Sample.

The State Duma also proposes to consolidate the legal status of the national anti-doping organization - a non-profit organization, which will deal with doping control in Russia, its development and maintenance. The draft law states that the governing bodies of the organizations should participate representatives of the state and major sports organizations in Russia.

The powers of the National Anti-Doping Organization should be of the bill, in particular, attributed the formation of the list of athletes subject to doping control, the organization of biological sampling and delivery to the anti-doping laboratory, test results management process, as well as the development of educational programs related to counter the use of doping agents and methods in sport.

The bill also requires all-Russian sports federations to impose sanctions - up to disqualification against those who violate the anti-doping rules.

Proposed changes to the law also defines measures to combat doping. In particular, such measures include members of the anti-doping propaganda in the media, establishment of responsibility for violation of anti-doping rules, and for the falsification of medicines and dietary supplements by including doping agents in their composition, as well as for the promotion or advertising of illegal drugs.

According to Vitaly Mutko, the Ministry of Sports should participate in the work of the main body for the anti-doping fight in the country, since it is the main financier in anti-doping. In 2008, the activities of RusADA been allocated 32 mln. Rubles in 2009 planning increase this amount three times. On the equipment of the Russian anti-doping laboratory in 2008 transferred 53 million rubles, in 2009 -. 70 million.

Another very important point is the coordination of anti-doping fight. To date, there are a few of its elements - RusADA, the Russian anti-doping laboratory, Anti-Doping Commission in sports federations, but there is no common communication center. That this should be the center and the Ministry of Sports.

Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RusADA), World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the Anti-Doping Organisation of Norway announced the signing of a tripartite agreement, which is intended to consolidate the efforts in the fight against doping in sport.

The tripartite agreement was signed on the initiative of WADA, which is interested in strengthening the work in Russia and the exchange of experiences between countries. After lengthy negotiations, Russian officials have come to the conclusion that the Anti-Doping Organisation in Norway is considered to be one of the strongest in Europe, and cooperation with it has much to offer such a young organization like RusADA. The agreement with the Norwegian Anti-Doping Organization also has an important image component. By signing an agreement with the largest anti-doping organization in Europe, Russia shows the world that is open to cooperation, that the fight against doping in Russia is actually carried out.

At the meeting of the Presidium of the Presidential Council on the Development of Physical Culture and Sports, Sports, preparation and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said: "We must create all conditions to introduce a mechanism of state control (with doping), and we have to act vigorously. If you want, and let's discuss the issues related to the tightening of liability. "

He added that the national sport has always developed in the tradition of fair and honest fight, "It has to be in the future, but it is necessary to create all conditions to implement appropriate public control mechanism."

"At the same time, I want to draw attention to the National Olympic Committee, the relevant ministries and departments of the Russian Federation Government, that with all of this we have no right and will not shift responsibility on athletes.

Sports organizers should understand their own responsibility, it is necessary that all our structures, which are engaged in sports, have been created modern, efficient structures that protect the interests of the national sport in the international arena and the interests of the athletes, "- said Putin.

" Putin instructed the Ministry of Sports Russia to carry out, since 2009, the payment of the annual Russian Federation's contribution to the Fund for the Elimination of Doping in Sport in the amount of 500 thousand. Euro, and in conjunction with the Russian Ministry of Finance in the formation of the draft federal budget for the next fiscal year and planning period include the budget appropriation for the payment of such contributions.

One of the effective ways to deploy an anti-doping policy is the involvement of the well-known athletes.

24-25 June 2008 in Paris under the auspices of the Director General of UNESCO, Koïchiro Matsuura, held a meeting with the heads of the organization President of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, WADA director general David Houman and specially invited to participate in the talks the head of Rossport, a member of the Foundation Board and Chairman Commission WADA athlete, double Olympic champion Vyacheslav Fetisov.

Vyacheslav Fetisov proposed to use for the purpose of wider dissemination of the principles and objectives of the anti-doping fight such an important resource as the authority of the "UNESCO Champions for Sport." These honorary titles are such famous athletes as Ukrainian boxers brothers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko, Soviet and Ukrainian athlete Sergey Bubka, French judoist David Douillet, Russian hockey player Vyacheslav Fetisov, German racing driver Michael Schumacher, Belgian tennis player Justine Henin. Famous athletes, UNESCO ambassadors in the world promoting the organization's objectives, among them - the sport as a source of physical and moral health of future generations.

In addition to the anti-doping propaganda may be involved athletes disqualified for doping, showing by example the harmfulness of doping, the certainty of punishment. In this case, sports federations are willing to play a supporting role and provide all necessary assistance.

In order to effectively fight against doping in sport, you need to understand the reasons for the use of these drugs by athletes. The main causes of doping in sport is an ill-conceived system of payment, the coaching careerism and particularly national sports organizations, because of which the athlete feels socially vulnerable.

It should be noted that the problem of doping in sport is characterized by a purely human factors, a moral component. That's why this fight is very tough measures are needed. Now actively discussed the possibility of a lifetime ban for a first anti-doping rule violation case. This may be the least serious lever than the possible criminal responsibility at the national level.

At the same time we discussed the question of legal liability for the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The appearance of the Code of Administrative Offences (CAO) of the doping, according to lawmakers, will make possible the following sanctions - warning, administrative penalty, deprivation of a professional license, in exceptional cases - the arrest.

Thus, we can not say that the sports officials, politicians and the public of the country do not lead the fight against doping. But this struggle is not being effective enough.

In 2007, for the use of illicit drugs were disqualified skier Sergei Shiryaev, bronze medalist of the World Cup 2001 in the hammer throw Ilya Konovalov, repeated winner of European and World Championships in swimming Anatoly Polyakov and his teammate champion and record holder Russian Anastasia Ivanenko.

During the World Rowing Championships in Munich were disqualified six athletes Russian (Denis Moiseev, Vladimir Varfolomeyev, Svetlana Fedorova, Alexander Litvinichev, Evgeny Luzyanin and Ivan Podshivalov). Thus, the international federation of rowing for violations of the WADA Code in fact sacked domestic federation for the sport before the Olympics in Beijing.

A record year for the disqualification of the leading national athletes was the year 2008. There were about two dozen. The most scandalous was the case on seven disqualified athlete - Yelena Soboleva (800 and 1500), Svetlana Cherkasova (800m), Yulia Fomenko (1500), Darya Pishchalnikova (ROM), Olga Yegorova (5000m), Gulnara Hanafeevoy (hammer) and Tatyana Tomashova ( 1500), who were accused of substitution of doping - tests.

2009 also was not without tremendous doping scandals. For the use of doping in the training process we have been disqualified several leading 'shooting skiers "- Catherine St. George, Albina Akhatova and Dmitri Yaroshenko. At the EPO, and caught two Russian biathlete racers Veronika and Andrey Timofeev Prokunin who were disqualified RRF (Russian Biathlon Union). The skis were caught for doping Olympic champions Julia Chepalova and Yevgeny Dementiev, as well as members of the national team Natalia Matveeva and Nina Rysin.

The fact of the disqualification of such a large number of famous Russian athletes is not unusual. Athletes are not robots, but living people. And if they are "successful" previously used in the training process of doping, then give it up it was not easy.

So can athletes and athletes disqualified by the International Olympic Committee have public support? It would seem, definitely not! But here, as in so many, all slightly different. Here is an example. Before the Olympics in Turin, the federal TV channel invited to the studio unqualified IOC champion Irina Korzhanenko Athens, accompanied by her appearance on the stage with the phrase: "The gold medal was never given." Viewers gave it clear that the athlete continues to consider herself innocent. Actually, this is indirectly confirmed by the very Korzhanenko, saying during transmission: "If it had a chance to go all the way again, all would have done the same." The vast majority of us had still not know whether she is guilty to the crime itself, or it has substituted imperfect at that time the domestic anti-doping laboratory.

Or another case. Genuine surprise many football fans, coaches and specialists led to an invitation for comment on central television European Championship matches Yegor Titov, the disqualified player. In the air hung the question: who is to blame for the fact that Titov caught? He himself, in an interview given to the newspaper "Soviet Sport", said: "My" killer "- Dr. Shchukin." However, he accused the doctor a few days later in the same newspaper said: "The truth about the Titov’s case we hardly ever know."

Generally, sympathy for doping athletes consume able to hurt them as much criticism. For example, at the Olympics in Salt Lake City after the disqualification of our race skiers Larisa Lazutina and Olga Danilova, produced at a time and in such a way that our relay team, is the favorite in any case, could not even start, Russia is literally flooded with aggressive patriotic sympathy for the athletes. On this wave skiers, spurred by an ambitious attorney, tried to obtain a review of the sanctions in the international court. The result is an increase in the period of ineligibility.

It is important to understand that doping and sport affect the image of the state as anything else. At the same time, to improve the effectiveness of the fight against doping requires a reorientation of public opinion. In Russia there is no: the press instead of a sober assessment of the situation artificially inflates the scandals in society rooted sympathy for delinquent idols, disqualification is considered a huge injustice.

Sport And Doping

"Sports and Doping" is the second part of the book "Anabolic steroids: the elimination of illiteracy." There are articles on sports medicine and traumatology, nutrition and sports nutrition, theory and methodology of training in strength sports. An athlete cannot hope to win in major international competitions, if one does not use Anabolic Steroids.

Sport and doping, doping and sports - in recent years, these two concepts have become inseparable. However, why only recently I dare say that doping in sport has always been. Furthermore, with all responsibility declare that doping in sport will always be. These two have no one to share. Then why is this the fight against doping, this artfully fanned hysteria, this flame, which killed one and which does not affect the vast majority? In order to answer this interrogation, we try to ask another question: "Who benefits?" Always, when you're trying to get to the root of the problem, try first to think, "Who benefits from it create?" So we did, we seek those fight against "windmills" brings the greatest benefit. But first – there is a brief history of doping in sport.

A brief history of doping in sport

The history of doping in sport has its origins long before the creation of anabolic steroids. We will not touch the ancient mythical athletes participating in no less mythical "Greek" Olympic Games, and consider only the documentary evidence.

The first documented case of doping refers to the distant 1865, when stimulants were used by the Dutch swimmers. By the end of the 19th century and include the use of doping agents facts cyclists from various countries: these funds range from extended caffeine to wine enriched cocaine. The first modern Olympic Games, held in 1896, were no exception to the doping saga - Olympic athletes used a very wide arsenal of "chemistry", including codeine and highly effective sublethal strychnine as a stimulant. At the Olympics in 1904 he was miraculously brought back to life the American marathon runner Thomas Hicks, once poured a mixture of brandy to stimulate cocaine and strychnine. I must say the potion turned out really excellent - runner won, but almost at the cost of his life. But it was "dabbling". This era of doping in sport, it began with the creation in 1935 of Synthetic Testosterone. Tom is no documentary evidence, but it is believed that their unexpected success at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany sportsmen owe this drug.

History repeated itself, like two drops of water, on the Olympic Games 1952 in Helsinki here for Soviet athletes for the first time took part in the Olympic Games, we have a completely unexpected and overwhelming success. I must say that in our former homeland skillfully used the knowledge and experience of the prisoners of German experts and the area of sports was not an exception. Again, the documentary evidence of the use of testosterone by Soviet athletes does not exist, but the syringes, sweeps in large enough quantities of the rooms in which lived the USSR team, speak for themselves. The Americans, of course, such a resounding slap in the face of the enemy was already number one for a reason could not carry, and began their own research in the field of androgenic drugs, the benefit and they captured German experts enough. The use of testosterone went at full speed, but soon the US experts drew attention to the fact that testosterone is an ideal doping is not for all athletes, athletes of the sport, which is of paramount importance impeccable technique or endurance were from it is not thrilled.

Not thrilled with the new drug, to say the least, there were also athletes in one, not a day of joy, suddenly finds himself in a whole bunch of secondary sexual characteristics typical of men. On the agenda there was a question on creation of new doping agents, comparable in strength with testosterone, but deprived of its negative traits. Sequentially they were established Nandrolone, Norethandrolone, Oxandrolone, Oxymetholone and, of course, everyone's favorite Metandrostelon. Last practically revolutionized the sport, it came to the fact that the traditional oatmeal for breakfast athletes throwing a handful of "Methane" pill - called a "breakfast for champions". After the production of Methandrostenolone was established in large quantities in the Soviet Union, this product has become the basis of preparation of national athletes. In the GDR - remember, it was once and a country - went their own way and created original drug called Oralturinabol. In general, the sports professionals of East Germany could be called pioneers in the use of performance-enhancing drugs - the level of its application GDR athletes had no equal. But this was only the beginning.

This pandemic has Doping in Sport started in the year 1968. Ironically, it is this time that the introduction of doping - control. In 1967, the Anti-Doping Committee headed by Prince Alexandre de Merode. Being a man of extremely honest, but naive uncontrollably, the new head of the committee decided to declare war on any strong doping. At the initiative of Alexander de Merode at the Olympic Games was introduced mandatory drug test. It was created a list of banned drugs, which included Anabolic Steroids.

All teams all over the world together ignored declared war - Games in 1968 became the "steroid" in history. And - the most spectacular, gave the world a lot of unforgettable achievements. For the "fighters against doping" thing on top it was complicated by the fact that there was no equipment that can accurately detect the presence of metabolites of a substance in the urine, but without a precise definition does not go far - the results of doping - test can be easily challenged. Yes, and in a sufficient amount of money they did not yet exist. Oddly enough, but the money was soon found - the main "sponsor" of anti-doping agencies have become ... the United States. You will ask why? It's very simple - the US was then Methandrostenolone detection technique, make up, as you remember, the basis of preparation of the various teams of the USSR. National same US team, especially in swimming and athletics, getting ready to Stanozolol - Anabolic steroids, which detect then considered impossible. You can also like Phenotropil pills

Meanwhile, the socialist camp is also not standing still. By 1985, it includes the creation of reliable tools to detect the presence in urine of athletes stanozolol metabolites. For the first time this technique has been tried at the Olympic Games 1988 in Seoul - it was "donated" to the organizers of the Soviet side. But it turned out that the secret of Soviet specialists helped them not, and their arch-rivals in the fight for the Olympic "precious metals" - the Americans. In fact, the only one who suffered from the large new technique was Canadian Ben Johnson. It was his retirements opened the way to perhaps the most prestigious Olympic "gold" - in the women's 100 meters in men - the American "legend" Carl Lewis. Lewis, both before and after the scandal at every corner declared his impeccable "clean" in terms of doping, not forgetting to water your main opponent mud flows. He risked nothing - in the United States on the preparations leading athletes "on Stanozolol," by the time began to slowly forget.

Even after such a pathetic statements in the anti-doping laboratories, doctors noticed one very interesting fact: in the urine of almost all the winners in athletics and swimming were found metabolite of the same substance. They found Genabol - Anabolic Steroid synthesized in 1984, but industrial production for various reasons have not started, and therefore escaped from the watchful eye of "fighters for the purity of the sport."

In the world of synthesized each year thousands and thousands of new drugs and anabolic steroids are no exception. Most of the commercialized and misses, as a rule, because of the high cost of a potentially negative impact on the human body. But what is money when it comes to the prestige of the country! And in the most developed countries began to emerge laboratories engaged in synthesis of small amounts of anabolic steroids or rejected by the pharmaceutical industry, or newly created. The purpose of such laboratories - meet the needs of the leading athletes in the most prestigious Olympic sports - athletics and swimming. As far as I know, these laboratories in Germany and the UK, even publicly funded. In the early to mid-70s of the 20th century in the GDR conducted the first experiments with growth hormone, then the pituitary obtained from cadavers. Later, when the Somatotropine learned how to synthesize it has become firmly established in the practice of training athletes. Then, experiments started with insulin later - with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). All these types of doping and is still virtually impossible to detect. On the agenda the creation of gene doping - quite expensive, but find that it will be impossible, even in theory.

Do not stand still, and the method of concealing doping. Found among existing products and the newly created "screens" that allow to hide from the watchful eye of chromatography-mass spectrometermetabolites known anabolic steroids. And all of this money goes, money and money. Millions and millions of dollars. Naturally, they consume only those who can afford it.

Doping - Danger to health of athletes

Sometimes you can hear the opinion that modern high-tech doping ceased to be harmful to health. However, it is not. For all we have to pay, especially for artificially high threshold of human capabilities.

Regular use of performance enhancing drugs is a violation of functions of several physiological systems. Many disorders manifest themselves immediately after the use of performance enhancing drugs, and after 10-20 years or in the offspring.

The first fatal case of doping was recorded back in 1886, when British cyclist David Linton died in the competition in France from the use of excessive doses of Cocaine with Heroin.

In XX century, the memorial list continued.

1912 - at the Olympic Games in Stockholm marathon runner died of drug overdose;

1960 - died while cycling cyclists Knud Jensen and Dick Howard (use of Amphetamines);

1967 - during the bicycle race "Tour de France" died of an overdose of amphetamines Tommy Simpson;

1983 - water polo player Billy Ilvisaker (Cocaine);

1986 - as a result of cocaine abuse was killed American basketball player Leo Bayes;

1987 - professional football player Don Rogers (also cocaine); rounder Badge Dressel (Anabolic Steroids); bodybuilder David Singh (anabolic steroids);

This is not a complete list of the victims of doping, it is only those cases where the doctors were able to establish that the death was caused directly by receiving stimulant. No less athletes died at home, in bed, already finished speaking, the disease seemed to be in no way associated with the sports activity.

For example, the entire sports world was shocked by death of American runner, Olympic champion in the women's 100 and 200 meters Florence Griffith-Joyner, however, she has never caught in her career with doping. Meanwhile phenomenal records were set anything up this American does not stand out in the distant 1988, when the Olympic Games in Seoul, she was able to run 100 meters in 10.49 seconds. The vast majority of experts believe that such a second show without additional stimulants impossible. In addition, guards, and that the end of his career, Griffith Joyner announced immediately after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has tightened the rules for doping - control.

Harmful effects on the athlete's doping different groups is expressed as follows.

Most stimulants have side effects, depending on the dose: respiratory depression and the risk of sudden death. Use of stimulants may cause that the athlete as a result of an inadequate assessment of the situation an accident may occur. In addition, abuse of stimulants leads to drug dependence.

Drugs increase the pain threshold so that the athlete can not recognize how serious the injury is. Cause very addictive, leading to severe dependence.

Beta-blockers increase fatigue and reduced endurance. Side harmful effects of anabolic steroids are extremely diverse and dangerous. Met earlier in the literature allegations of harmless use of anabolic steroids was based on the results of individual studies in a short period of time and proved to be incorrect.

Now fully proved that any use of anabolic steroids, even in small doses and even for short periods of time, we should speak of the absolute hazard application of these drugs, more or less. Anabolic always cause some damage to the athlete's health. A number of studies indicate the possibility of occurrence, many of the negative consequences in 15-20 years after the end of supplementation.

The nature of side effects of anabolic steroids are substantially dependent on a number of factors, among which the most important are: the individual response to the drug; gender and age differences; the presence of acute or chronic disease; dose quantity; the duration of treatment.

Particularly rapidly and are more pronounced negative side effects of taking anabolic steroids in children and adolescents. Very great is their negative effect on the female body.

The doses of anabolic steroids used in weightlifting and athletic gymnastics, much higher than the therapeutic, ie, used in the treatment of certain diseases (10-20 and even up to 40 times). Many athletes to maximize the benefits from the use of doping and reduce the likelihood of identifying it with doping - control, used the so-called «staking» - reception mode of anabolic steroids, which is a gradual change in the dose of the drug and the alternation of the types of specific formulations for the course, as well as combining anabolic steroids with other groups of drugs (primarily testosterone and diuretics). It is shown that the application of such circuits receiving anabolic steroids can cause adverse effects even more than using separate formulations.

Effect of long-term use of anabolic steroids in the different organs and systems of the body are as follows.

The pathology of the liver and biliary tract. The result of the survey it was found that up to 80% of the athletes taking anabolic steroids, suffer from impaired liver function. The use of tablet forms of anabolic steroids can lead to a violation of antitoxic and excretory functions of the liver and the development of hepatitis. Long reception taking anabolic steroids leads to blockage of bile ducts, jaundice, and were marked even deaths. There are a significant number of data indicating the occurrence of liver cancer from chronic administration of anabolic steroids. There is an effect on urogenital system. In humans, long-term taking anabolic steroids may develop renal tumors, the deposition of stones and violation of urine formation process.

The effect on the endocrine system. Anabolic steroids promote the development of disorders in the endocrine system, particularly negative effect on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Admission older men testosterone reduces secretion of own hormone. Chronic administration of anabolic steroids develop testicular atrophy, inhibition of spermatogenesis, decreased sperm count, "fertility index" changes in sexual feelings, etc. And it requires 6 months or more to restore normal level of spermatogenesis, and chronic administration of steroids, these changes may be persistent, and even irreversible. In men receiving anabolic steroids can cause the development of symptoms of gynecomastia, ie significant development of breast tissue and the nipple, which in severe cases may require surgery.

In women receiving even small doses of anabolic steroids causes rapid development of the phenomena of virilization: coarsening and deepening of the voice, the growth of hair on the chin and upper lip, hair loss on the head of male type, reduction of breast, clitoral enlargement, the development of a common hirsutism (hairiness), atrophy uterus, and violation of the cessation of the menstrual cycle (amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea), acne, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands, the total masculinization.

Menstrual irregularities, acne are reversible after the abolition of taking anabolic steroids drugs. facial hair growth, hair loss, enlargement of the clitoris, and voice alteration - is irreversible. Especially expressed virilizuyuschee effect of anabolic steroids in women and girls; phenomenon can be observed pseudohermaphroditism. In women receiving anabolic steroids can lead to infertility in pregnant women slows fetal growth and fetal death occurs.

Such terrible consequences of taking anabolic steroids on the endocrine system of women and girls is explained by the phenomenon of androgenic activity of testosterone, a hormone that is normally present in a minimal amount of a woman's body, and an artificial increase in the concentration which leads to such extensive abnormalities in the blood.

Disorders of the thyroid gland and gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown that taking anabolic steroids may contribute to disorders of the thyroid gland function, activities of the stomach and intestines, cause gastrointestinal bleeding.

Mental disorders. The use of anabolic steroids necessarily accompanied by a reduction in sexual activity and increasing changes in the psyche - with unpredictable mood swings, increased excitability, irritability, aggressiveness, or the appearance of the development of depression.

Pronounced changes in the nature, behavior often lead to serious consequences: a break with friends, family breakdown, the appearance of the prerequisites for making the negative and even dangerous in the social action plan. According to some observations, the complete discontinuation of anabolic steroids is often accompanied by depression, which is seen as a manifestation of psychological dependence on anabolic steroids, analog drug dependence.

Effect on cardiovascular system. Anabolic steroids cause disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reducing the resistance to glucose, which is accompanied by a fall in blood sugar levels. When using the tablet form of anabolic steroids increases insulin secretion, which contributes to diabetes. In addition, possible development of atherosclerosis and other diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Side effects of the action of anabolic steroids. Admission anabolic steroids promotes rapid muscle growth, significantly outstripping the growth and development of the corresponding tendons, ligaments and other connective tissues. This leads to tearing of ligaments during heavy physical exertion, the emergence of inflammatory diseases and joint capsule, tendon degeneration development. Lowering the viscosity of muscle tissue due to the delay of water and sodium, it causes a decrease in muscle elasticity (subjectively evaluated as "delayed onset muscle soreness" or "oppression"), the inability to develop full-fledged muscle effort. All this causes a predisposition to injury, muscles and ligaments during training and competition. After discontinuation of anabolic steroids decrease the phase of immuno-biological activity of the body, increased susceptibility to disease.

Side effects of the action of anabolic steroids in children and adolescents. Acceptance of anabolic steroids adolescents can cause irreversible changes: cessation of growth of long bones, before puberty, the phenomenon of virilization and gynecomastia.

With regard to diuretic, in recent years due to the increased participation of our athletes in international competitions, there was the need for weight categories and the corresponding weight limit at the time of the competition. In weightlifting, this problem has been known for a long time and is very severe.

For urgent weight weight in the competitive period, some incompetent coaches and athletes recommend taking diuretics (Furosemide, Clenbuterol), ie, diuretics, although it is known that they have long been included in the list of doping agents. In addition, the sports environment there is a perception that diuretics contribute to the strong conclusion of the body decay products of anabolic steroids and other drugs, and thus reduces their negative side effects and shorten drug withdrawal before the performance.

It should be noted that even the use of diuretics in the clinic for therapeutic indications, laboratory and requires careful medical supervision, as fraught with potential complications. Excreted from the body fluid, together with the necessary for normal metabolism of salts (eg, potassium, required for normal operation of the heart muscle), diuretics are used without a compensating diet, lead to the development of heart failure. And the danger is growing with the increase of physical activity - and at the moment the highest competitive forces, it can lead to severe disruption of the heart.

Moreover, diuretics causes an increase in blood sugar content, which may cause aggravation of diabetes, disorders of the gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), allergic reactions, development of skin diseases. It is also possible exacerbation of diseases of the liver, kidneys, central nervous system depression, accompanied by sleepiness, lethargy, sensitivity disorder.

If you try to build a rating of doping agents according to their degree of threat to the health and life of an athlete, you get the following picture: the most dangerous stimulants and drugs are used directly before or during the race; they can cause death right on the highway. In second place anabolic steroids and beta-blockers (usually serious consequences of the use of these drugs "float" in a few years after the end of his sports career) and a short list of diuretics, which when properly used, are practically harmless.

Today, scientists are very concerned about the fact that the much-touted "magical" properties of drugs of gene doping (such as GW1516 and AICAR) will lead to a rapid dissemination in the sports world. At the same time there had been no adequate studies on their effect on the human body. In particular, a growing concern of the potential impact of the substances on the cardiovascular system of a person, which can lead to the most catastrophic consequences such as myocardial infarction (best treatment Mildronate).

An additional health risk exists even in the case of substances and methods are applied more and injections. Non-sterile conditions, including the possibility of using the same needle repeatedly and in different patients, increase the risk of transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV / AIDS.

Some words about Doping usage

Every day anti-doping propaganda is gaining momentum. However, it is opposed to the industry, in which billions of dollars revolve: Industry body image. It calls for: take doping to build muscle, take a drug to lose weight, to be faster, stronger, more active. The same applies to big-time sports.

Today, in different regions are taken efforts to organize educational activities aimed at the prevention of doping. In accordance with the provisions of the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport, the World Anti-Doping Code, the international standards organization of anti-doping activities designed Moscow comprehensive anti-doping program "Honest sports." Active awareness among athletes, coaches and sports doctors is the National Anti-Doping Organization "RUSADA".

At the same time, to improve the efficiency of the work done is very important reorientation of public opinion. But in Russia, as long as it is very slow: the press instead of a sober assessment of the situation artificially inflates the scandals in society rooted sympathy for delinquent idols, disqualification is considered a huge injustice.

In this regard, the need to develop and implement educational programs aimed at different segments of the population in the first place, pupils and students. It is they in the near future will determine the Russian mentality.

Promising line of work with young athletes. The most active and engaged in Youth Sports School, should be prepared to volunteer work with their peers, especially those who are prone to substance experimentation (Phenotropil, Mildronate).

A huge role in the prevention of doping young athletes should belong to parents. To the parents of young athletes helped antidoping propaganda, they must be original enlightenment, and sometimes remedial work. Thus, one of the promising areas of activity can be considered as the development of educational programs for parents of young athletes. Due to the difficulties in organizing the provision of information to parents, to be determined by the implementation of a system of measures designed educational programs.

In order to develop educational programs have been implemented, require training of teachers who can competently carry out this work.

At the same time, the mere existence of the program and teaching materials will not completely solve the problem of formation of zero tolerance - zero tolerance for doping. As shown by recent studies, the problem of such a plan can most effectively be solved with the help of modern scientific and methodological support of educational programs.

The use of doping in sport

The level of development of modern sport, they overload experienced by athletes, are so high that you cannot opt out of the use of drugs. Over the past 15-20 years, the volume and intensity of training and competitive pressures have increased by 2-3 times, and many sports athletes have come close to the limit of physiological functions. This vitamin and nutritional deficiency of many food athletes, the need for remedial and preventive measures, the adaptation of the body to serious physical and psycho-emotional stress, moving to different climatic conditions and time zones, as well as many other reasons, necessitates the use of pharmacological agents to provide a complete sports activities.

In professional sports was a paradoxical situation: on the one hand, the laws of show business, what has now become a big sports require athletes transcendent, beyond human capabilities, the results, on the other - athletes forbidden to accept funds that help the body to stand these crazy loads.

Prince Alexandre de Merode, the last chairman of the medical commission of the International Olympic Committee, said: "Unfortunately, the causes of doping due to the very nature of modern sport, turned into a sort of branch of the economy. Today, the victory is not only fame, but also a lot of money. Millions or even tens of millions, was at stake, dazzled, and few people can resist this temptation.

It is therefore not surprising that the slogan of victory at any cost today, many realize too literally. Sometimes, even parents blessing, and sometimes aggressively pushing their sports gifted children in this way. The considerable contribution to o make unhealthy environment and sports dealers. Having signed a contract with the athlete, they are in pursuit of profits deliberately forced him to take chemistry. Sometimes an athlete forced to act practically in all competitions of the year. But such a graph, in principle, it is impossible to survive without stimulants. "

With the "success of pharmacology" connect a number of achievements in sport: for example, jump world records in weightlifting heavyweight in the 1970s due to the use of steroids, and a dramatic improvement in the results of long-distance running in the 1990s - the use of erythropoietin.

According to estimates of the IOC doping uses at least one athlete out of ten. The survey among the athletes, spent in the United States, showed how serious this problem is. To the question "Would you agree to take the drug, which in three years will make you an Olympic champion, and in ten years - disabled" 80 percent of respondents answered positively.

Many researchers believe that sporting events, including Olympic Games, more and more turning into competitions pharmacists: some are looking for ways of doping detection, others are competing in the creation of new drugs and the development of application of the scheme, which allows to obtain a high sports results and hide the means to achieve it.

One of the leading scientists of the Australian Institute of Sport Robin Parisotto, who developed the test for erythropoietin (EPO), said in an interview with the AP, which invited the International Olympic Committee in addition to competitive samples during the Games to take samples from athletes at the EPO, and before the start of the Olympic Games in Athens.

In Sydney, athletes were tested for EPO, but during the Olympic tournament. As an example, Parisotto said that none of the 2758 samples taken then, including Olympic champion, did not give a positive result. But the Australian Institute of Sport Lab asked 310 athletes - participants of the Games to pass tests for EPO 17 days before the Olympic Games in Sydney. And all of them results in the EPO were positive. Of course, since the sampling was not legally binding, the names and nationality of these 310 athletes were not disclosed.

Detection of blood prohibited drugs can cost an athlete a medal. Therefore, the development of sports and developed methods of these preparations can be hidden.

Here are some of them:

• 1.The substitution analysis. When an athlete passes urine, it should pull the underwear below his knees and lift t-shirt or blouse so that the doctor, taking tests, could totally see the analysis process of delivery. Why is this done? There are many examples from the history of the sport when athletes are hidden containers with clean urine in the genitals, rectum, clothes, hair, etc. This was done with only one purpose - to then replace them during checks. Some even do surgery himself, setting himself catheters, let down to the container with clean urine ... In order to prevent such cases, the rules of the Olympic Games provided that the urine test is taken in athletes immediately after competition. They are not even allowed to take a shower.
• 2.Artificial change in the chemical composition analysis. Under the artificial change in the composition analysis is to be understood the deliberate addition of a sample analysis of substances that absorb or doping substances, or make them invisible to the reactants. This type of fraud is particularly prevalent doping commission at the time of passing urine. Athletes smeared fingers with various substances, starting with the usual lime to complex chemical compounds, and during delivery of analyzes ostensibly accidentally pass urine on the surface of the finger. Before getting into the special container doping substances contained in the urine react with substances that are deposited on the fingers, and it becomes more difficult to identify.
• 3.Hyper-hydration or the use of diuretics. Use of a liquid in large amounts in the same way as the application of diuretics, accelerate fluid withdrawal from the body, diluting the content of doping in urine to such an extent that it is practically impossible to distinguish. Diuretic drugs, which are often used by people with high blood pressure, are prohibited in competition, so their blood doping commission pays special attention. But, despite this, some athletes still manage to "get away".
• 4.The use of masking agents. Once in the blood, certain substances have the ability to "close" is to do the invisible presence of other substances, doping. The most famous of these substances is Epitestosterone. This substance is produced laboratory Bay Laboratory Cooperative. Identify the similar case of fraud is very difficult, because the hormone testosterone in the human body at all times. Doping Commission in such cases, looking at the amount of testosterone in the body of an athlete, and if it exceeds a certain proportion, the athlete falls under suspicion, and he offered to pass additional tests.
• 5.Another way to "fight against doping" is to record athletes 'sick', followed by an official resolution to take legal doping. The system works is very simple. There athlete taking analysis. While there are certain prohibited substances. Then look athlete medical certificate with the list of allowed him to receive sickness drugs included in the list of banned. These substances are subtracted from the analysis. If others do not, then the doping test - negative!

In Atlanta, these "patients" was a little bit more, then in Sydney one "asthma" it was already somewhere in the tenth part of all athletes. In Salt Lake City they have been more than half. People who need to have problems to climb to the second floor, won the gold medal.

By the way, about "asthmatics". The first record of its athletes in the "asthma" have come up with the Norwegians. Norway is now almost all cross-country skiers and biathletes, including the "great" Berndalen, "asthma". For Norwegians were "hurt" asthma Germans and representatives of other nations. As a result of the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City notorious asthma cost the Russians four (!) Gold medals.

Athlete himself and his representatives are usually denied deliberate doping and explain the positive doping test of the use of drugs for the disease, or food additives of unknown composition to them. During the announcement of the positive result of a doping - tests should be a long trial.

At the same time, it should be noted that the disqualification of the athlete gives significant advantages of its rivals, and sometimes just changing the list of winners. You can also like Phenotropil pills

So, in October 2007, there was a unique case - the famous American athlete Marion Jones pleaded guilty of doping at the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000 and was stripped of all medals - three gold (100 and 200 m, relay race 4x400 m) and two bronze ! As a result, the Australian Olympics statistics have been numerous developments, including those which were touched Russian athletes Tatyana Kotova in the long jump became instead of Jones the owner of the "bronze", our women's team relay race 4x400 m instead of the "bronze" won "silver", and the team Russia in the total number of medals is very close to the United States. Despite the loss of five Americans have kept the first place.

Thus, the fight against doping and indeed opens up tremendous prospects for manipulation, even where there is no doping, it is possible to "find". So experts commented doping - tests Russian race skiers at the Olympics:

"Aranesp is modified EPO so that the molecule is several times longer than conventional EPO lives in the bloodstream. This is achieved by replacing two amino acid and two additional glycosylation sites. As a result, the blood circulates Aranesp 7-10 days. That is, for 7-10 days, can be detected in urine traces. This means that the positive test on February 21 in principle, can not stand alone among negative samples 8, 15 and 24 February, when Lazutina also took urine after race for EPO analysis. "

For many fans is the actual answer to the question "whether Russia is currently the subject of any special programs?"

Most researchers believe the problem that the international anti-Russian anti-doping lobby does not exist. At the same time there is a so-called target testing, when the anti-doping service check not everyone, but those should be checked. Targeted measures are always more effective as motives can be very different: bad sport, any suspicious information, medical speculation, etc.

In individual sports to Russia special attention, due to the recent doping scandals.

On the basis of data published on the official website of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) has reported that in 2008, Russian athletes have passed the most in the world-of-competition dope - tests.

In total, the program is competitive IAAF control 697 athletes were tested in 2008. In 1823 697 athletes falls outside the competition test. 106 Out-athletes took control of four or five times, 46 athletes - six or seven times, 17 - eight times or more. Several athletes, whose names for ethical reasons can not be named, Out-handed control of a record number - 14 times.

Most non-competition samples in 2008 passed the Russian athletes - 181 test. In second place, Belarus - 148 samples in the third China - 126 samples.

The use of doping in sport has become so commonplace that when the next competitor comes on the use of illicit drugs, it does not cause a big surprise to the public.

But first doping incidents literally plunged into shock millions of fans. Take the story of the Ben Johnson that happened back in 1988 in Seoul Olympic. Legendary Canadian sprinter idol of millions, with the image of a knight athletics (remember Johnson's response to the aggressive statements of its chief rival Carl Lewis before the final race at 100 meters: "The track will judge us") convincingly won gold and broke the world record. But the next morning burst world scandal because of the news of his positive test for doping. In an instant hero turned into a pariah, he was stripped of all insignia and banned from the sport. After that, Ben was unable to rise again on the sports Olympus.

His sports career was reduced to the sprint heats race with the car.

Often, ordinary people pay serious attention to the problem only when incrimination athletes of doping lead to everyday tragedies. One of them took place with the Italian cyclist Marco Pantani nicknamed Pirate. After another disqualification, he first suffered terrible persecution by the media and fans yesterday, and then found himself in a terrible solitude. even the closest people have turned away from him. Plunged into depression Marco committed suicide. It was then, too late, and came a wave of sympathy.