Huperzine - When the time to replace RAM in the Brain

Today you will learn about a little-known supplement that can significantly enhance virtually any nootropic course, especially consisting of piracetam or Pramiracetam. Huperzine - this is a supplement derived from plants Huperzia Serrata, which is native to eastern Asia.

Thus, the effect of piracetam appears to enhance the synthesis and release of acetylcholine and choline reuptake in the brain. This means that piracetam is physically able to make more acetylcholine and thus it is better to bind to receptors.
Acetylcholine we have in the brain associated with memory, attention and neuromuscular transmission. It turns out that piracetam has an excellent assistant for memory and attention.
And there is one amendment! Logically, for the construction of acetylcholine need some starting material and that choline or vitamin B4. That is why so often Piracetamum recommend eating with lecithin, which contains a lot of choline. Please pay attention to Cerebramin.

Imagine yourself behind the wheel of a car in front of an empty road with excellent coverage and you have decided to go a little faster. You do take into account that the fast and fuel runs out. Something similar makes and piracetam with acetylcholine. He it creates better and more, so need more choline.

Generally, in order not to bother with counting vitamin, many of them small or you just easier to just eat right, as if beaten and stupid phrase sounded. Eggs, fish, oatmeal, milk, well, so you probably all know.

How does Huperzine act?

• 1. Hupirzine’s trick reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

While acetylcholine flies anywhere from one neuron to another, it has its own period of life, which is controlled by acetylcholinesterase. More specifically, the enzyme takes conditionally excess acetylcholine, breaks it, and how to create a reserve. Huperzine allows you to temporarily switch off the acetylcholinesterase. Although the word "off" poorly suited for an accurate understanding of the mechanism of action is likely "reduced activity".
Again! Acetylcholine is not eternal is between neurons because the running acetylcholinesterase. Huperzine bit block its action, thus - acetylcholine becomes larger.

It remains an open question how much more? Therefore, there are different data item in the first place there is a dependence on the dose. The higher it is - the stronger and the more the inhibition of acetylcholine. Immediately there is a danger - the nerve gas is the coolest acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Read about Zarin and you will realize that too much acetylcholine is not good.

• 2.Huperzine as NMDA-receptor antagonist. Recall, NMDA receptors are found on the surface of the nerve cell and configured by glutamate job exciting neurotransmitter in the brain. In the normal state - this is a good phenomenon, if you think fast. If stress, anxiety, or if you are by nature too inflated your glutamate too active, you think too fast and too much. This alignment will fix NMDA receptor antagonists, they simply block access to glutamate transmission of a nerve impulse.

However, there is evidence that prolonged use of powerful antagonists NDMA-receptor is extremely negative impact on the long-term memory, a vivid example - ketamine or dextromethorphan. In contrast to these substances causes Huperzine side effect as hallucinations.

• 3.It promotes neurogenesis and protect nerve cells. Many still believe that the nerve cells do not reappear, even on a small scale, therefore, attached a large study with pictures and diagrams in relation to neurogenesis in the hippocampus under the influence of Huperzine.

Huperzine course
Typically, the additive is well tolerated, side effects are almost always dependent on the dosage. Most often it is nausea, dizziness and loss of appetite.
For an adult the effective dosage starts at 50 mg, not to be confused with mg. 50 g - is 0.05 mg. In general, the research, the ratio efficacy / safety close to 400 mcg. Because the range of 200-400 mg can be considered good.
The duration of intake has not been established. 1 month period is considered optimal. Take can be 1-2 times a day regardless of the meal.

Effects of Huperzine
Research on students who complained of a bad memory. They took 68 people from 23 secondary schools in China. Divided into 2 groups: Huperzine 100 micrograms per day and the placebo group. The mean age - 15 years.
Both groups underwent extensive testing and received a memory factor in the placebo group it was equal to 94, in the group with Huperzine - 92. 4 weeks had a retest. Result: The memory factor in the placebo - 104, Huperzine -115. Side effects were not detected.
The strongest improvements were in the tests and short-term associative memory.

And coupled with the antagonism of NMDA-receptors can distinguish two main effects:
- Better operational (short-term) memory.
- A slight decrease nervousness when glutamate excess.

What combine with Huperzine
From Huperzine no rushing, no pronounced sedation, there are no secondary effects, and acetylcholine, unlike any other mediator is almost not felt. Why it can be taken with a variety of nootropics.

IMPORTANT UPDATE! Once again, do not aspire to the maximum acetylcholine! When too much is reduced serotonin and dopamine. The cunning plan of course may consist of additional reception of additives for serotonin and dopamine, but it is easier to monitor the well-being and find their dosage.

Because the mechanism of action, it became clear that Huperzine slows the breakdown of acetylcholine, therefore an interesting solution would be to add our current nootrop to any racetam. They will smooth the blocking NMDA-receptors, which have Huperzine, spur both acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin.As a variant of the combination: 200 mcg Huperzine + piracetam 3-4 g+ lecithin 2 g. Or, with a greater emphasis on dopamine: Huperzine +dopa + piracetam +lecithin.

Bottom Line:

- Huperzine greatly increases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
- Powered by acetylcholinesterase inhibition and blocking the NMDA-receptor. There is information about the acceleration of nerve growth.
- The course is not yet clearly established, approximately - 4 weeks of 200-400 mg / day.
- Effects: marked improvement in short-term memory and a slight deceleration.
- Take can be virtually any nootropics.

Serotonin - Best Antidepressant

Perhaps the most popular, most well-known neurotransmitter in the human body - Serotonin. He is best known as the hormone of happiness. Meanwhile, serotonin regulates many processes throughout the body.

How does Serotonin act?
The two main substances from which to create our happiness hormone: the amino acid tryptophan, and its derivative - 5-hydroxytryptophan.
From tryptophan can also be synthesized by melatonin and nicotinic acid.
An important point that tryptophan - is an essential amino acid, that is, if you do it receive less of its products - the serotonin and melatonin would be enough. Even by this banal reason is a slight depression.
5-hydroxytryptophan - an amino acid that has just one step away from serotonin. And once an amino acid that is also present in the protein products.
Tryptophan in the body becomes a 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, and he was - serotonin.

Next, consider the distribution of serotonin.
90% of serotonin are in the gastrointestinal tract. The remaining 10% - in the blood and brain. In the digestive tract, our mediator operates mainly hunger and motility, ie the rate of metabolism. In short, an excess of serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract - nausea, and a toilet becomes your best friend for some time. Few serotonin - and binge eating as a consequence - obesity, hunger, reduced metabolism.

Serotonin receptors
We are more interested in how the serotonin in the central nervous system in the brain. And for that analyze its receptors.
Receptors are found on the surface of nerve cells and as a molecule serotonin, as if secured to these receptors, exerting its effect. They are pretty much isolated by 7 basic types, but some still are divided into several subtypes.
5-HT1 - includes 5 subtypes. Their total effect is directed to the emotions: aggression or peace of mind, effect on dopamine, depression or enjoyment of life. So agonists or activators of these receptors increase the production of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, reduce depressive symptoms and aggression, increase the pain threshold.
Antagonists are doing everything exactly the opposite.
5-HT2 - consists of 3 subtypes. The most freaky group of receptors. Every self-respecting psycho or person who loves the state of altered consciousness, tells about these receptors is not worse than academic. These receptors are activated when taking LSD and other psychedelics popular, hyperbolizing external noise, such as flying dragonfly to a huge six-legged creatures buzzing.

Agonists of these receptors reduces anxiety, appetite, depression, release of noradrenaline. Contribute to the emergence of empathy and reinforce signs of schizophrenia.
5-HT3 - Upchuck one of the main body. Activation of these receptors leads to vomiting. Antagonists, in contrast, are sometimes used as antiemetic agents.
5-HT4 - here we have an antidepressant effect again and again on the part of the digestive tract. Agonists of this receptor accelerates intestinal motility and reduce depressive symptoms. Drugs agonists and antagonists
5-HT4 is usually used in relation to digestive problems.
5-HT5 - the least studied of serotonin receptor. It is known that compounds that activate this receptor agonists or inhibit adenylate cyclase. It catalyzes this process, that is, accelerates the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP. In general, the process has many terms, but the point is that the activity is reduced, for example, hormones such as adrenaline.
5-HT6 and 5-HT7 have similar functions. Agonists of these receptors improves intellectual abilities, contribute to more stress and activate adenylyl cyclase - the opposite of the receptor 5-HT5.
The main advantage of serotonin at a high level, but within the normal range - an antidepressant effect and promoted metabolism.

How to increase Serotonin?
- Tryptophan. An essential amino acid! Serotonin will simply not be created without the proper amount of tryptophan. There are no detours, to create today's neurotransmitter. Tryptophan and 5-HTP supplements are sold as - is a very convenient way to control for the production of serotonin, although it is better to just eat normally.
Tryptophan is necessary to obtain about 1.5 g's. In 100 ml of milk for example, 40 mg tryptophan, in the 1st chicken egg, about 130 mg, in chicken meat - 290 mg, and 100 grams peanuts already 750 mg. Thus, 3-4 eggs, and 50 grams of peanuts - already half closed for the norm of the amino acid, the rest of you, most likely, so get with food or supplements.

- Vitamin D. activates the gene that produces the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2, which the brain converts the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin. Vitamin D is produced in the body itself, in the presence of sunlight. However, in winter time, it makes sense to add vitamin D tablets to its diet. Well, or get out for a week in some warm country)
In principle, the two mechanical conditions for the creation of serotonin already now go through the other factors:
- How banal sounds, but regular exercise in the moderate mode, when there is excessive fatigue increases serotonin. Placebo-controlled study showed an increase in serotonin. Members trained 2 months, 3 hours of training per week. The first measurement was the day before the first exercise, the second - 4 days after the last. Serotonin rise by 50% in the control group 11%. Thus, some bike ride, twice per week will keep serotonin average half higher than that of the untrained person.

Yes, now sports fashion, and smoking and watching television is bad, but believe me, if fast food and obesity would be hauled serotonin, better and longer than jogging, we would have to project it accurately stated. But it is not so!
- There are many ways to increase serotonin, but they all revolve around abstract concepts as "significance." You need to be a cut above others in any field, no matter what. And we need to demonstrate the importance of this! Not bad play a musical instrument? Excellent! Do not miss the opportunity to show off skills. You are not afraid of php and HTML5 - forward in a large firm or create your own! You make yourself a good figure - it's time to show off on the beach or in the club! For good production of serotonin is necessary to strive for significance, suitable even the notorious career at his workplace. Be humble - it's not about serotonin!

Another important point: It's almost impossible to say which of serotonin receptors may be stimulated by the same run. Most likely, as we all have different hair color, eye color, height, weight, and much more - we all have a different initial activity of these receptors.

Drugs that increase serotonin, or acting on the receptors:
The project does not call, there are similar drugs without a prescription. Remember that life is not will be a bright and happy, as you see the intelligence, without your active action, even if you examine all tablets.

So basically in medicine use substances that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and sometimes, sometimes even nearly all - MAO inhibitors. This means that the conditional "excess" serotonin is not withdrawn by the body. And its concentration increases sharply. What is the medicines:

• Citalopram;
• Escitalopram;
• Fluoxetine;
• Fluvoxamine;
• Paroxetine;
• Sertraline;
• Agomelatine;
• Bupropion;
• Desvenlafaxine;
• Duloxetine;
• Mianserin;
• Milnacipran;
• Mirtazapine;
• Moclobemide;
• Reboxetine;
• Quetiapine;
• Selegiline Transdermal;
• Tianeptine;
• Trazodone;
• Venlafaxine;
• Fevarin

Perhaps rather obscure terms. If you really want to have a tablet - buy 5-HTP and Tryptophan.

How to reduce serotonin?
Quite an odd question, given the fact that serotonin is not possible to say when the disadvantages normally high. There is evidence from the English Wikipedia, that the consumption of 0.8 g per kg of ethanol reduces serotonin by 25%. So cool combos to kill a bunch of serotonin: plump, plump, not seeing the sun and do not eat foods with tryptophan.
But seriously, the substantial excess serotonin is called serotonin syndrome and it is impossible to get without a strong pharmacology. Treat serotonin syndrome antipsychotic medications, such as for example Aminazin.
Such substances as LSD, mescaline, psilocin and psilocybin analogs structurally similar to serotonin, but they are clever and are attached only to special receptors, which have just hallucinogenic effects. Although the same freaky mushrooms too often cause digestive problems.

Bottom line:

• Based on the mechanism of action of serotonin can be called the hormone of happiness, expense antidepressant effects.
• For the synthesis of serotonin and tryptophan need a vitamin D or sun, so vitamins are usually in short supply.
• Actions aimed at increasing serotonin, suggest self-improvement and demonstration of success, regardless of the activity. 3 workouts per week hold neurotransmitter 50% larger than the original level.

Glutamate, Acceleration Brain!

Have you ever noticed the difference between people in terms of speed of thinking? Have you ever thought about why some some consider "brakes", about the others say: "grasp on the fly." The body - is a complicated thing, and all parameters are not taken into account, perhaps, just one person is tired or dreams of something else, and we mistakenly believe that he is slow on the uptake. However, the world we know the 2 main neurotransmitter balance that is genetically shifted in one direction or another. This neurotransmitter inhibition - neurotransmitter GABA and excitation - Glutamate, they are different in direction and are still of the same material - glutamic acid. Each has its pros and cons, otherwise nature would be "cleaned up" like a broom, inefficient components of the body.

Glutamate is present in food and industrial uses. The well-known food additive - sodium glutamate, is no accident got its name, through this same neurotransmitter, it causes the brain to believe that the food is delicious. Without this addition, the food seemed to be a lot less pleasant.

How does the glutamate act?
Surface explanation - the acceleration of signal transmission between nerve cells, indirectly forcing to think and act quickly.
Nerve cells transmit signals from one to another, in the brain of such chains millions. Each chain of something is responsible, for example, to see something and react, are utilized first, retina and optic nerve, then the bark, then this chain continues until the final movement a certain part of the body. Glutamate depolarizes nerve cells like a magnet. When the magnet is directly against the metal, then one policy it will be repelled, others - attracted. Our today will be the mediator as to change the polarity of cells that all signals will speed up. You can also like Cerebramin.

Glutamate transmission speeds by acting in two ways, ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic faster metabotropic - longer. It's like 2 types of brain stimulation: fast, but not for long, or slower, but longer.

Digging even deeper, how it happens!
Recall that the mediators are allocated one neuron and interact with their receptors on the surface of the second neuron. Receptors - the second door is the nerve cell.

• 1.To activate ionotropic way it affects glutamate:
• -NMDA-receptors. Receptors that are normal, calm state "closed on the lock" Magnesium ions. But it is necessary to break into the synaptic cleft neurotransmitter glutamate as the castle and falls receptor "opens". There depolarization, back to our example with a magnet. From the 2nd neuron through the door out of calcium and potassium ions and sodium comes inside. It is the acceleration of the pulse transmission in the brain through NMDA-receptors, and it leads to synaptic plasticity, a change in power relations between nerve cells. This process is directly linked with good intelligence.

The amino acid glycine is also capable of activating these receptors, but the exact dosage are not clear.

• -AMPA-receptors. This is a very promising way to create nootropics. For details, see release on Ampakines. The bottom line is opening the 2nd door to glutamate, along with the NMDA-receptor.
• -Kainate receptors. Their role in the body poorly understood, they are less than NMDA and AMPA receptors, however, the capacity of sodium and potassium ions is comparable with the AMPA-glutamate receptor. Ie Activation of these receptors also results in faster signal transmission in the brain. That's just the speed with which depolarized postsynaptic neuron is low.
• 2.For activation path metabotropic glutamate effect on mGlu-receptors. Which are divided into three groups and 8 subtypes. Their main differences from ionotropic - different mechanism of action and a longer potential (ionotropic activated for several milliseconds, but often metabotropic from seconds to several minutes.)
• -Group 1 (mGluR1, mGluR5). It increases the activity of NMDA-receptors. When excessive activation process can excitotoxicity - neuronal death.
• -Group 2 (mGluR2, mGluR3). Lowers NMDA activity.
• -Group 3 (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8). Lowers NMDA activity.

Pros of Glutamate:

+ increases the speed of thought

+ simpler and easier to remember something (long-term potentiation)

+ You can catch more than a short time

Cons of Glutamate:

- Impulsivity

- Anxiety / Stress

- excitotoxicity.

How to increase the production of natural glutamate?
First of all, it is necessary to obtain material - glutamic acid and glutamate from which will be created. This is mainly cheese, meat and fish. However, because this acid is formed and GABA! Initially, this proportion defines the organism. Today reliably known one way to increase glutamate - stress and cramming!

Additives to increase glutamate:

• Nootropics-Ampakines
• Cysteine
• Homocysteine
• Glutamic acid (glutamine)
• Aspartic acid
• Calcium
• Zinc in doses over 40 mg per day.

Additives to reduce glutamate:

- Any supplement with GABA activity (GABA Amminalon, Phenibut, Theanine)

- Vitamin B6.

An interesting point
Schizophrenia, autism, convulsions and ordinary is one of causes of the excessive action of glutamate in the nervous system. At high levels, it is constantly accelerates the transmission of signals, and a person is not something that begins to think quickly, his brain begins to also "overthinking" something of themselves. As it kills nerve cells and the brain dies. Therefore, it is important to understand that greater stimulation - not better! And the rate of glutamate activity all its own and is determined on the basis of their own experiences.

Bottom Line:

- Glutamate faster signaling in the brain and, in general, on the body, this is its main advantage and disadvantage.

- It is useful when you need speed, and we can sacrifice the quality.

- Runs through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

- Nootropics - Ampakines, calcium and zinc to increase its quantity, drugs with activity of GABA - decrease.

Good Luck

Memantine - Dissociative Mind

This substance is widely used for the treatment of various diseases associated with the higher brain functions. In accordance with the register of medicines Russia, memantine is able to fight with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, to treat fatigue, memory loss, and more. Surprised Google also comment on popular queries along with the word "Memantine". So, what is this stuff?

Memantine has appeared in the 60s of the last century. It was created specifically for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The drug is like and old, but active research have been started recently. And the peak of popularity was only in 2013, and the total amount of the research since 2008 more than in the history of the drug until 2008.

How does memantine act?
1. Memantine acts as an antagonist of NMDAR. In the old issue about Semax was given a study where mice have lost memory, when they entered the NMDA receptor inhibitor. Anyway, glutamate - signaling accelerator in the brain is also working through this receptor, and it seems illogical unstimulated. What's the point, you ask?
Once we have already mentioned exciting-toxity is when there is over-stimulation of the brain, which is not something that improves memory, but rather kills the brain, nerve cells, in the truest sense. So, if a person has an excessive activity of the glutamate system, it is important to reduce the rate of transmission of nerve impulses. Technically, this can be done in many ways, if corny - to enhance the activity of GABA. You can also like Noopept.

However, there may be a situation that glutamate is working as it should, but the receptors with which it interacts (NMDA and AMPA) is too easy to give in to him. To make it clearer, imagine a car that travels at high speed. And in order to slow it down, you can press on the brake, in this case, the GABA system, and it is possible to weaken the pressure on the gas pedal. "Turning off» NMDA receptors, we slow down our car to a normal rate, which is better manageability. And this means more quality work of the brain.

In medicine, NMDAR antagonists are used mainly for anesthesia. For example, ketamine is used as an anesthetic. This anesthesia is called "dissociative anesthesia", by the way, from the medical term appeared so-called "dissociative". The substances with which try to "shoot up and catch hallucinations" exceeding every conceivable dosage.

2. Memantine restores normal dopamine levels when suppressing drugs. There is evidence that Memantine has a dopamine receptor agonist of the second type (D2). Agonist, then it causes the receptor to work more efficiently.

D2 receptor is mainly responsible for the psychological state. With a low density of these receptors and weak activity, the person becomes prone to alcoholism, drug addiction, depression. At moderately high level - in a good mood, creative thinking, sensitive, sentimental. When overvalued - begin to hear voices. Many antipsychotic drugs dampen dopamine receptor is the second type of person to become less inflated.

3. It acts as an antagonist of serotonin receptor type 3. This information appears in the description of the mechanism of action of Memantine Western counterparts, while in Russia, it is not formally represented. Typically, the receptor antagonists are used to reduce the side effects of the digestive system after chemotherapy.

Memantine and Intelligence
Memantine improves intelligence after brain radiation therapy.
There is evidence of a large study, where Memantine showed positive properties in the treatment of opioid dependence, in particular, it will improve the overall health and intellectual abilities.
In Down syndrome, Memantine works better than a placebo, though the study on mice, although it is far from that of normal animals.

There are studies showing an improvement of memory in rats.
With regards to the possible improvement of intellectual abilities in healthy people have little data. Tell us more about one experiment.
40 healthy volunteers were divided into two groups, one received 30 mg Memantine other placebo. 20 Then they were shown photos of people unfamiliar to them, and 20 objects buildings. After waiting 80 minutes, and were asked to choose from the 80 people / buildings that they remember. Results: Both groups of people remember almost the same with regards to the buildings a little worse there was a group with Memantine.

A couple of studies says anything about memory impairment, or a neutral data on human health.

Memantine course
Drink Memantine healthy person - it's like playing Russian roulette. 5 of 6 did not improve his condition. In any case, read the contraindications.
The dosage of from 5 to 20 mg per day. On doctor's orders, increased to 30-60 mg. The duration is determined by the physician.

Effects of Memantine
Based on the mechanisms of action, will sedation (depending on the dosage), deterioration of intellectual faculties, a slight improvement in sentiment.
Experienced the improvement of mental activity can only people with the disease one way or another affect the central nervous system. Another option - impulsive, explosive people with overactive glutamate system. If you fall asleep on the mega show and yelling out the window, when our hammer, the Memantine is rather blunt!

When receiving doses greater therapeutic, having a little distortion of perception, perceived at an emotional level. Many write about peace and prudence. Memantine in rats increased BDNF concentration and showed a stress-protective effect.

With what Memantine to combine?

Immediately it is worth to say, that you do not accidentally fall into helpless and vegetable state with dangling saliva, Memantine does not combine with any other the NMDA antagonists, or with modulators of GABA. Theoretically interesting bunch with agents acting on acetylcholine and dopamine, but it is not perceived as a call to action!

Bottom Line:

- For the average person with an average activity of the psyche, memantine will be at least useless, though perhaps a more relaxed feel.

- Powered via antagonism of the NMDA-receptor, serotonin receptor type 3, and as an agonist at the dopamine type 2.

- In medicine is taken up to 60 mg, in the first week but not more than 5 mg per day. And it does not combine with other NMDA antagonists or agents which increase GABA!

Good luck!

Rhodiola - Natural Phenibut

You probably noticed that I'm trying to select titles to articles with the most succinct description, so you can immediately understand what it is about. Rhodiola is not naturally related to the Phenibut connection, but their effects are very similar. Therefore, if, for some reason you do not like the pills and prefer so to speak, natural foods and herbs, then Rhodiola - a worthy alternative. Now in more detail.

Rhodiola plant belongs to the traditional Chinese medicine. It grows at altitudes ranging from 1 to 5-km altitude. This supplement is popular in Western countries, China and Mongolia. In Russia, it is also called "golden root".

The main active ingredients in Rhodiola - Phenols. This organic compound whose molecules include a phenyl radical which in turn is connected with the hydroxyl groups. Such a definition will understand only chemists, we know well enough that this plant a great many sorts of different nutrients. Then there are succinic acid, flavonoids and terpinoidy (major components of ginkgo biloba) and other trace elements.

What do all of these substances, working in tandem?

How does Rhodiola act?
Because our current plant does not consist of a single substance, or even two, to describe the mechanism of action is not quite simple, because it works differently. Identify the synergistic effect of these substances can be:

• 1.Neurogenesis. Construction and healing of nerve cells. The study was conducted in rats with injured sciatic nerve. Rats treated with one of the active ingredients of Rhodiola showed shorter time nerve repair. The same effect was observed and Eleutherococcus.
• 2.Increased stamina, decrease fatigue. Perhaps this is the proven effect of the plant. Research on this subject a lot. Not to be unfounded, I was looking for numbers on how much can improve endurance. These numbers vary from 8.5% to 20% compared with placebo, and a dose-dependent effect. That is, the more Rhodiola consume, the better the effects. But remember that you can die and the water, so do not try to consume as much as possible.
• 3.The antidepressant action. The study included 89 people of different ages, duration: 6 weeks. There were three groups: placebo, 340 mg of Rhodiola extract, per day, 680 mg of Rhodiola extract, per day. Reducing the amount of depression symptoms ranged from 30% to 50%, the effect was also dose-dependent. It can add an antidepressant and anti-stress effect. Rhodiola extract improved subjective well-being.
• 4.Improving mental activity. It is necessary to indicate immediately that this effect is confirmed in the context of increased fatigue. For example, in the evening, Rhodiola is more noticeable effect on intelligence, you will simply be better to focus more energy and, consequently, there will be less mistakes in work and higher efficiencies.
• 5.Antioxidant action. Protection of cells from damage by oxidation. Because of this effect, Rhodiola can greatly help in the treatment of the consequences of alcohol and drug abuse, in the complex therapy, as well as older people.
• 6. Increasing serotonin. In a study on rats, Rhodiola restored low serotonin levels to normal values, the dosage was huge by human standards, 1-5 grams per kg. The additive increases the permeability for serotonin 5HT-1A receptor, reduces 5-HT3.

Another controversy is the inhibition of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. Recall MAO or monoamine oxidase - is something like strict teacher in the school, which constantly monitors the order and expels small backbiters. MAO in the brain, keeps order in the neurotransmitters to make it as much as you need. But there are substances which inhibit MAO work if a strong inhibition or braking, the class begins chaos if moderately, then everything is fine. The unusual even in MAO activity, but it is all people are different.

Acetylcholinesterase - an enzyme that "controls" only acetylcholine. There are studies saying that Rhodiola inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. On the other hand, MAO inhibition has been questioned. It can be assumed that the effect is negligible.

Rhodiola course
The additive is relatively safe and has few side effects. I also found the effects of overdose.
Because Rhodiola - this plant, the methods of consumption are limited only by imagination. There capsule / tablet with an extract, you can also purchase alcohol tinctures or grass to fill with boiling water / alcohol.
Take Rhodiola up to 2 months before meals 2-3 times a day. The daily dosage includes a range from 300 to 700 mg of extract, while, as has been said - upper limit is not certain. The additive can be taken every day to improve the overall vitality, reduce the dosage of 50-100 mg.
In Russian pharmacies popular alcoholic tincture Rhodiola. The instruction to increase said single dosage of from 10 to 40 drops, to food intake, 2-3 times a day. In practice, I have friends and daily dosage reaches the bottle (30ml), and side effects were observed, observed only a powerful anti-stress effect, and worse, and good mood. But not necessarily that it will at all.

Effects of Rhodiola
Much has been listed previously, the most noticeable effects are: anti-stress and increase stamina when tired.
Unlike Phenibut has no mood lifting. But mild to moderate depression, Rhodiola can help.

What combine with Rhodiola
In one study, there was a strong effect on appetite suppressant in combination with St. John's wort. Dosages for humans is unknown.
Rhodiola potentially enhances serotonin, so you can try it to mix supplemented with 5-HTP, which is a precursor to serotonin.
Interestingly combination with other adaptogens for even greater performance.
As a general rule be mixed with neutral substances on a scale of sedation, stimulation, given the unpredictability of the effects!

Bottom line:

- Rhodiola - it is an effective supplement, which has a powerful anti-stress effect. It improves mental and physical performance, especially in the presence of fatigue. According Phenibut effects similar to, but does not improve the mood.

- To take a course of up to 2 months at doses of 300-700 mg of extract per day. If you take less than 100 mg, the course is lengthened.

- Combining with other adaptogens or other supplements.

Become a better! Until we meet again.

Cerebrolysin - instructions for use (adults and children), analogs, reviews

Overview about Cerebrolysin

For one of the most popular neuroprotective agents include Cerebrolysin. This preparation shows the absolute safety of the patients with dementia, head injury, stroke, and thus it is proved high efficiency. The drug was created by the Austrian company Ebewe Pharma for more than 40 years ago.

Good production technology provided by biotechnological methods, with the use of a standardized and managed the splitting of highly purified porcine brain proteins. Process quality is monitored by amino acid analysis.
The drug, which is in neuroprotection and neuroplasticity - completely identical to the mechanism of natural regenerative processes that occur in our body.
The drug is used in more than 45 countries.

Pharmachologic effect of Cerebrolysin
The drug contributes to the normalization of metabolism in the brain tissue. It contains basic substances brain metabolism - peptides and amino acids. Due to the penetration of the blood-brain barrier which separates the blood from the brain tissue, the active substance enhances synaptic transmission of nerve impulses and normalizes the intracellular barrier. As a result of Cerebrolysin, energy metabolism is increased, negative phenomenon lakcidose - decreases. This provides a neuroprotective mechanism of action of the drug - that is, it just protects brain cells.
Due to this, the brain cells are more resistant to hypoxia condition. Usually, if enough brain tissue supplied with oxygen or violated its uptake, the brain cells are killed. Cerebrolysin improves the survival of brain cells not only during hypoxia, but also in various other damaging influences.

Indication for Cerebrolysin

• Violations of the central nervous system functions in diseases such as encephalitis and meningitis.
• Operations on the brain. Violations of the cerebral circulation.
• Slowness of mental development of children.
• Dementia;
• Alzheimer's disease - mental disease in which the memory is weakened and there is distraction.
• Depression.

Instructions for use Cerebrolysin
The main components of successful treatment with Cerebrolysin - it correctly chosen dose and method of administration.
At a stroke, when the patient has acute cerebral blood flow is disturbed; meningitis and encephalitis; after neurosurgery and head injuries - divorced in saline Cerebrolysin introducing drip, once a day.
Cultivation is carried out in such a proportion: 100 - 200 ml of saline and 20 - 30 ml of the preparation. Drip administration means that the drug is injected very slowly, an hour or hour and a half. Duration may be from 10 to 20 days. Due to the properties of a medicament for the treatment of severe violations of the above, there is a rapid elimination of neurological defect, restoring clear consciousness, normalization of EEG.
The residual stroke phase, when manifested residual symptoms of cerebral blood flow; when neuroinfections affecting the central nervous system - the drug is prescribed intravenous bolus daily. Course - 20 - 30 days. Dosage - 5 - 15 ml. On doctor's advice, the course is repeated a few months later to secure a positive therapeutic effect. Repeated course improves the EEG, restores vitality. Dosage rate to re - intramuscular route, 1 - 2 ml, for 20 days.
Considered expedient use of the drug for chronic circulatory disorders at an early stage of cerebrovascular pathology. In such cases, the drug reduces fatigue, increases the functional activity of the organism, and improves performance. Dosage of Cerebrolysin - intramuscular route, 1 - 2 ml, for 20 days.
The drug is also prescribed for psychoorganic syndrome. Dosage rate - 5 ml bolus intravenously for 20 days. Thanks neuroprotectant in dementia compensated defect mental activity temporarily improve memory and concentration, increased daily activity. The preparation is diluted before administration in saline. Course - 30 days. If dementia is recommended to repeat courses of treatment.
Another indication for the administration of a neuroprotective drug Cerebrolysin - depression. Dosage rate - 5 ml intravenously 14 days.

Cerebrolysin For children
Children with signs of mental retardation, the drug is administered intramuscularly 1 - 2 mL for 30 days. several times a year can be carried out repeated courses of therapy. With an average severity of mental defects Cerebrolysin application is preferred.

Side effects of Cerebrolysin
After administration of the drug in a small range can vary body temperature. Sometimes there is a sense of warmth.

Contraindications for Cerebrolysin
Pregnancy, allergic diathesis, heavy impairment of renal function, status epilepticus. The drug can not be combined with the amino acid solution.

Intramuscular and intravenous administration (injections and drip) of Cerebrolysin
Ampouled drug Cerebrolysin is available in form of 10, 5 and 1 ml. It is used for intramuscular injections, intravenous injections, intravenous perfusion.

Composition of Cerebrolysin
As part of the preparation - hydrolyzate medulla, which contains peptides and amino acids.

Actovegin, Cortexin, Mexidol or Cerebrolysin?
Cerebrolysin - a nootropic agent which is used in cases of: dementia disorders, delayed development; as well as for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Cortexin can be considered analogous to Cerebrolysin. Its release in the form of powder for injection. Composition - peptides extracted from bovine brain.
Actovegin is a biogenic stimulant, it is used in the treatment of ischemic stroke, in violation of the cerebral and peripheral circulation. It contains extract of calf blood. The drug is widely used in the CIS countries, and here in the US and Europe do not use it.
Mexidol use: for the treatment of chronic and acute cerebral circulation; in atherosclerotic changes; in the vegetative-vascular dystonia. It has antioxidant and anti-hypoxic action. Despite the similarity of the testimony can not be alone, without a doctor's recommendation to carry out self-appointment of these drugs or a change in therapy for one drug to another.

Analogs of Cerebrolysin
Cortexin, Actovegin, Cebrilysin, Cerebrolysat.

Reviews about Cerebrolysin
Lena, 23 years old. I was at one time prescribed antidepressants, but they do not help me. Apart from lethargy and unwillingness to do anything, I noticed that everything just falls out of the hands, no matter what I can not concentrate. My mother and I went to the doctor, he prescribed Cerebrolysin intramuscularly. Three weeks later, I noticed that it became better to concentrate and think.
Alya, 35 years old. We did our grandmother dropper with Cerebrolysin - good effect was slightly better and the memory became, and a clearer mind. Now soon we will do a second course.
Paul, 39 years old. I was assigned this drug Cerebrolysin after suffering meningitis. The doctor said that it is perfectly valid. No, I'm not an expert, of course, but nothing after his admission had not noticed.
Lisabeth, 27 years old. I have chronic cerebral and peripheral circulation. With this diagnosis I do not live a year. Periodically I go through courses of treatment with Cerebrolysin. It is effective, yes, but for a long time its effect is not saved. But there is a temporary improvement, it is a fact.
Before use, you need to consult with a specialist.

Hydroxyzine - Interactions with other Active Compounds

Hydroxyzine + azelastine

Azelastine (mutually) effect; reduced speed of psychomotor reactions and amplified deprimation.

Hydroxyzine + Alprazolam

(Mutually) oppression CNS; against the background of the / m of hydroxyzine dose of alprazolam should be reduced by 50% - a high probability of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + Alprazolam

(Mutually) oppression CNS; against the background of the / m dose of alprazolam should be to reduce by 50% (subject to cardiac arrest and death).

Hydroxyzine + Atropine

Hydroxyzine in high doses may cause disturbances ECG, including lengthening the interval QT, so the combined use of atropine, capable of causing cardiac abnormalities may increase the likelihood of arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hydroxyzine + betahistine

Against the background of the effect of betahistine hydroxyzine weakened.

Hydroxyzine + Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine (mutually) oppression CNS. Against the background of the / m of hydroxyzine dose reduced by 50% - possible heart failure and death.

Hydroxyzine + Buprenorphine

(Mutually) oppression CNS.

Hydroxyzine + Buspirone

Buspirone (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment the dose should be reduced by 50% - a high probability of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + Valproic acid

Against the background of valproic acid is enhanced CNS depression.

Hydroxyzine + Haloperidol

Haloperidol (mutually) oppression CNS. You can buy Haloperidol.

Hydroxyzine + guanfacine

(Mutually) sedation.

Hydroxyzine + dexketoprofen

Dexketoprofen as a solution for the on / in and / m introduction should not be mixed in the same syringe with hydroxyzine solution (precipitate formed).

Dexketoprofen in the form of a dilute solution for infusion is compatible with hydroxyzine solution for injection.

Hydroxyzine + Diazepam

Diazepam (mutually) oppression CNS; while the appointment of the dose should be reduce by 50% - a high risk of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + Diazepam

Hydroxyzine (mutually) effect; against the background of / in the introduction of diazepam increases CNS depression and an increased risk of apnea.

Hydroxyzine + diphenhydramine

Hydroxyzine (mutually) oppression CNS, may increase the hypnotic effect.

Hydroxyzine + droperidol

Droperidol (mutually) oppression CNS; the combined use of in order to avoid severe complications dose reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Zolpidem

Zolpidem (mutually) effect.

Hydroxyzine + isoflurane

Isoflurane enhances deprimiric effect; against the backdrop of hydroxyzine, especially with the / m introduction, required smaller doses of anesthetic agents - likely profound CNS depression.

Hydroxyzine + Quetiapine

Quetiapine (mutually) oppression of the central nervous system; with a joint appointment in connection with an increase in the risk of developing severe complications dose reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Ketamine

Against the background of intensified hydroxyzine deprimiric effect and require lower doses of anesthetic agents (to prevent severe complications).

Hydroxyzine + Clozapine

Clozapine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment increases the likelihood of severe side effects, and the dose is reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Clonazepam

Clonazepam (mutually) effects.

Hydroxyzine + Codeine

Codeine (mutually) deprimation; with a joint appointment reduce the dose by 50% in relation to the possible development of serious complications (heart failure, and death).

Hydroxyzine + lithium carbonate

Hydroxyzine in high doses may cause disturbances ECG, including lengthening the interval QT, so the combined use with lithium carbonate that can cause cardiac abnormalities may increase the likelihood of arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hydroxyzine + lorazepam

Lorazepam (mutually) oppression CNS.

Hydroxyzine + Methohexital

Against the background of intensified hydroxyzine deprimic effect and require lower doses of anesthetic agents - increases the risk of severe complications.

Hydroxyzine + Metoclopramide

(Mutually) sedation.

Hydroxyzine + midazolam

Midazolam strengthens deprimiric effect; with a joint appointment dose can be reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Morphine

(Mutually) deprimation; with a joint appointment reduce the dose by 50% in relation to the possible development of serious complications (heart failure, and death).

Hydroxyzine + oxazepam

Oxazepam (mutually) effects; the combined use of dose should be reduced by 50% - a high probability of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + Olanzapine

Olanzapine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50% - a high risk of serious complications.

Hydroxyzine + perphenazine

Perphenazine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50% - a high risk of serious complications.

Hydroxyzine + pramipexole

Against the background of hydroxyzine may increase sedation (sleepiness); the sharing of caution.

Hydroxyzine + procainamide

Hydroxyzine in high doses may cause disturbances ECG, including lengthening the interval QT, so the combined use with procainamide, causing a change of heart activity, can increase the likelihood of arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hydroxyzine + promethazine

Promethazine (mutually) effect; the combined use of dose should be reduced by 50% - a high probability of severe (even fatal) complications.

Hydroxyzine + promethazine

Hydroxyzine strengthens and extends the (mutually) sedation; with a joint appointment should reduce the dose.

Hydroxyzine + Propofol

Against the background of intensified hydroxyzine deprimic effect and need a smaller dose of anesthesia.

Hydroxyzine + remifentanil

Remifentanil (mutually) deprimation; with a joint appointment reduce the dose by 50% in relation to the possible development of serious complications (heart failure, and death).

Hydroxyzine + Risperidone

(Mutually) effect.

Hydroxyzine + Risperidone

When used together, risperidone, and hydroxyzine caution.

Hydroxyzine + Temazepam

Temazepam strengthens deprimiric effect; with a joint appointment dose can be reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Theophylline

Against the background of hydroxyzine attenuated effect on the digestive tract.

Hydroxyzine + thioridazine

Hydroxyzine in high doses may cause disturbances ECG, including lengthening the interval QT, so the combined use with thioridazine, capable of causing cardiac abnormalities may increase the likelihood of arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hydroxyzine + Topiramate

Topiramate (mutually) oppression CNS.

Hydroxyzine + Tramadol

(Mutually) oppression CNS; the combined appointment is necessary to reduce the dose.

Hydroxyzine + trifluoperazine

Trifluoperazine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50% - a high risk of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital (mutually) deprimiric effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + Fentanyl

Fentanyl (mutually) deprimation; with a joint appointment reduce the dose by 50% in relation to the possible development of serious complications (heart failure, and death).

Hydroxyzine + Flurazepam

Flurazepam strengthens deprimiric effect; with a joint appointment dose can be reduced by 50%.

Hydroxyzine + fluphenazine

Fluphenazine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50% - a high risk of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + quinidine

Hydroxyzine in high doses may cause disturbances ECG, including lengthening the interval QT, so the combined use with quinidine, capable of causing cardiac abnormalities may increase the likelihood of arrhythmias and sudden death.

Hydroxyzine + chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide (mutually) effects.

Hydroxyzine + chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine (mutually) effect; with a joint appointment reduce dose by 50% - a high risk of severe, even fatal, complications.

Hydroxyzine + cimetidine

Acceptable combined use of hydroxyzine and cimetidine as an adverse effect of a change is unlikely.

Hydroxyzine + cyproheptadine

The combined application of cyproheptadine and hydroxyzine is synergistic deprimation and decreases the speed of psychomotor reactions.

Hydroxyzine + Epinephrine

Against the background of hydroxyzine attenuated pressor effect of epinephrine.

Hydroxyzine + estazolam

Estazolam (mutually) deprimation.

Hydroxyzine + ethanol

Ethanol (mutually) deprimiric effect at the time of treatment should abandon alcohol drinks.

Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole - Active Substances. Instruction and Application, Dosage

Name: Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole

The Latin name of the substance Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole

Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole (genus Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazoli)

Formula - C15H21N3O2S

Therapeutic substances Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole - anxiolytics

The nosological classification (ICD-10)

F10.3 abstinence
F17.3 abstinent condition caused by tobacco use
F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
F41.9 Anxiety disorder, unspecified
F43 Reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders
F45.9 Somatoform disorder, unspecified
F48.0 Neurasthenia
G47.8 Other sleep disorders
G90 Disorders of autonomic [autonomous] nervous system
N94.3 syndrome premenstrual tension
Z60.0 Problems related to adaptation to a change in lifestyle

CAS code - 173352-39-1

Trading names of drugs with Morpholinoethylthioethoxybenzimidazole working substance

Trade Name Index
Afobazole, Afobazol, Neurofazol

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine - Interactions with other Active Compounds

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + amisulpride

In a joint application Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine with amisulpride the expressed increased inhibitory action on CNS.

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + Zidovudine

Against Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine may increase the toxicity of zidovudine (the combined use caution).

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + imipramine

Against Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine increases the concentration of imipramine in blood.

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + Clozapine

(Mutually) effect. The combined application may respiratory depression.

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + Levodopa

Against bromdigidrohlorfenilbenzodiazepina reduced effect of levodopa.

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + Pantoprazole

Pantoprazole is compatible with Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine (metabolized with participation of cytochrome P450 enzyme system).

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + ethanol

(Mutually) effect.

Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine + emoxypine

Emoxypine the combined use enhances the effect of Bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine.

Why people are divided into owls and larks?

Somnology Dr. Doping tells about chronotype, social factors and the influence of age on the mode.

Often in his defense staff when they come to work too late, try to say that they are owls, they are not used to go to bed early and wake up early. Is it so? Are people can be divided into types according to their tendency to late or early recovery?

In the course of special investigations it was found that there is a definite genetic component, which determines the type of commitment to the people larks or owls - the so-called chronotype. Initially, these studies have focused on the differences of biological rhythms in animals. And then they were first discovered the genes responsible for chronotype - is PER genes and CLOCK. Then, over the next thirty years, it was discovered several genes in this group, and continue to open today.

We can not say that there is some kind of gene due to which a person is bound to be an owl and lark. Simply there is a certain combination of genes, which is more common in some and less in others. And some well-defined recipe "owls" and "lark" no. Genetically belonging to one or another type is determined by about 54%. At 3% belong to the owls or larks determined by the person's age. This can be represented in the form of a dome-shaped curve: about twenty people there is a tendency to "weakly formalized," the man from birth to this age, more and more becomes an owl, and after twenty years, he has more and more become a lark - a curve like I would go back. There is a third kind of chronotype - pigeon. Pigeons - these are people who have no clear preference of the evening or early morning regime, they work equally well in the morning and in the evening, and they do not care, when to be active.

To improve sleep use - Afobazole, Selank, Phenibut, Phenazepam.

The remaining 43% probability that the person will be time to go to bed and wake up, determined by social factors. Social factors - is adopted in daily society of the day, the need to go to school or work, and these factors forced people to obey. That is, if the owl, which tells his boss that she could not in the morning just to wake up and come to work because she had such genes, Head reduce wages or simply dismiss the owl, it will instantly be able to adapt to the new rhythm of work, because 43% of the rhythm of life does not depend on genetic and social factors.

For the biorhythm of sleep and wakefulness social factors - the second most important vremyazadatel after light exposure. We use it to improve the sleep of people, as many of the activities that relate to the methods of the so-called sleep hygiene, behavioral therapy for insomnia, just include changing social point of view, a change in the daily routine, regime change in the conditions in which man is before going to sleep . Why is the daily routine? It allows you to set the biological rhythm for some time. We have the ability to shift the cycle of sleep and wakefulness, and if we act on the continuous mode, respectively, can fix the desired time lifting and placing time.