Types of Thinking

Psychologist Dr. Doping talks about a special approach to the study of thought in psychology, the differences between the theoretical and practical thinking and existing classifications.

Thinking takes the top spot in a series of cognitive processes. And if in the sensations we are given certain properties of objects of the world, in the perception of images - integral objects, the thinking is we need to when these facilities is insufficient, it is necessary to establish communication, the relationship between them and highlight their essential properties. Accordingly, thinking and is defined as the cognitive activity, is the reflection of connections and relationships between the objects of reality and their material properties.

For improving thinking process and learning of languages you should buy nootropic drugs: Cytamine Cerebramin as well as Semax, Phenotropil and Picamilon, Pantogam and Noopept.

And in fact, the person considers the thinking of its distinctive feature and, therefore, to its definition is added is usually something that is characteristic of the human mind - is not just a reflection of these relationships, relations, and reflected a generalized and indirect, that is associated with the release of some of the essential properties which allow you to combine objects into categories, distracted by some specific objects, and process, which is armed with specific characters, especially speech, allowing to carry out those or other mental operations. And, of course, thinking does not only psychology, but also many other areas of knowledge - philosophy, who asked the question of whether thinking general knowledge actually available, what the truth is, that even first - thinking or being, and the logic that tries learn the correct way of thinking, as it should be, pedagogy that seeks to shape the thinking and artificial intelligence that builds models that solve mental problems as well as solve their people. But that psychology is trying to study the laws of the thought process as they are inherent to the person trying to learn how to not, but as a man thinks in fact that he actually takes place in the head, to which he relies. And so in psychology adopted another operational definition of thinking, because it is difficult to study the generalized reflection of mediated communications, relationships and so on, psychology studies the thinking as the process of solving problems, that is, to achieve the goal set in certain circumstances where an immediate achievement of that goal.

And traditionally in psychology to distinguish between thinking man and the so-called intelligent behavior of animals, in fact, of course, intelligent behavior of animals is a source for the development of human thought. If we look at what is reasonable behavior, we see that it is always such a situation, where the animal can not directly reach their goal, for example, to get food, where it is currently needed. Here, for example, have an apple hanging from the ceiling, to which a monkey can not reach, or lying outside the cage a banana, which does not allow to get the length of the paw. The task then becomes a two-phase - the animal is forced to make or find a tool that will allow to reach a banana or an apple to bring down or build a pyramid hanging from the top of the bait from some boxes or maybe in other cases, to come up with a workaround or fix are any the obstacles. And suppose that the first phase - to find a tool to create a building and so on, gradually becoming independent, because when an animal decides to such a task, it comes up, in essence, how to solve it and then decides, and when we separate the preparatory phase and transform it into a separate unfolding domestically step for us and a source of future human thinking, in fact, when we try to influence the instruments on various subjects, we discover such properties of these objects that direct our perception are not available, that is what eyes do not see, ears do not hear, but what is essential to solving this problem. And as soon as we identify this hidden property and set up his attitude to the problem, we find ourselves in, in fact, the definition of thinking, and when we begin to use signs to fix the received knowledge, our mental activity becomes an Intermediary.

Naturally, the human mind is highly diverse, we can highlight some of the reasons for the classification of types of thinking. The most common reason - this is the form in which the task is presented, and a method of converting a material that is the task can either be given visually, immediately prior to contact, or described by words or verbal and convert the material we can either directly by our actions, either in terms of images mentally transforming what we see, either by using logical operations.

Accordingly, there are three kinds of thinking, which are also the three stages of development: thinking clearly, effectively, the one that is behind the decision of the puzzles in the form moving iron figures, thinking visually-shaped when we solve the problem in the mental plane, for example, pretends how to fit all the furniture in the room, without moving it, and thinking verbal and logical, verbal or logic associated with the use of speech and using certain logical operators to the problem that we are facing.

In addition, we can discern the thinking by the formation of the psyche, in which it takes place: on the one hand, thinking intuitively when we are not aware of all solutions to the problem, and as if once we know the solution, and on the other hand, analytical thinking, deployed in time, fully accessible to consciousness when we can follow all his steps. For intuitive thinking is usually a wealth of experience, which allows a person does not spend time on the unfolding of the thought process.

We can distinguish thinking theoretical and practical - is the classification of domestic researcher Boris Mikhailovich Teplova. The theoretical thinking associated with hypotheses, theories of construction, the development of strategies to address the identified problems. Practical thinking is related to the solution of concrete problems always in real time and always with immediate verification practices. A typical example - is, for example, thinking of the commander or director of the plant thinking - right now the right flank of the enemy attack, what to do? The commander thinks, decides and receives immediate feedback, whether he solved the problem correctly or not. He is strictly limited in time, because if you linger, the battle will be lost, while the theorist can afford to think as much as the task requires.

Finally, it is possible to distinguish between creative thinking and critical thinking. In fact, the debate continues about the creative thinking in psychology. On the one hand it is assumed that all thinking is necessary only if the problem is not solved and eventually get something new, like William James defined it, is the ability to navigate the new experimental data, then any creative thinking. And when there are classifications like creative thinking, and so-called reproductive, reproducing, always about the second question - is thinking or not? But if we highlight the thinking associated with generation of a new, and thinking associated with checking what we found with the definition of the scope of our solutions, such classification is possible.

In fact, for the distinction of creative and critical thinking is one of the well-known activating creative processes - so-called brainstorming, when people are divided into two groups, one of which generate creative solutions in some inventive task or a complex production problems or some other, while others check how the decisions that were invented during the creative phase, are suitable, as they can withstand logical verification, as far as they are applicable. Why is that? Because it turned out that for creative and critical thinking are characterized by very different obstacles in their way different things. Creative thinking interferes with, first of all, our internal censor and the so-called rigidity or pattern when we are trying to move already beaten paths, based on our experience, rather than to see some sort of attribute that is fundamentally different from that dictated by experience.

Psychologist Edward de Bono describes even a special so-called unconventional thinking and the ability to think about, select the attribute that is fundamentally contrary to past experience, but which is important for solving this problem. As an example, in the well-known legend about the beauty and the money-lender, which the moneylender proposed to draw lots, which depended on her fate and that of her father - she had to pull out one of the stones, black or white, and the night before the test to learn that the moneylender I put two black. What imposes past experience? Drag and watch what happens, act arbitrarily. What does it mean to see the attribute that is about? Bet he not pulled, and stayed. For example, remove the stone and drop, for example, over the river on the bridge. If the remaining ink, then drop the white and mean, respectively, a victory can be won.

Another thing, which essentially prevents creative thinking - a surplus of motivation.
When we really want to quickly find the best solution, we most likely will not work. The psychology of motivation has long described the law of optimum motivation and the more complex the task, the less should be our activation, our desire to do everything immediately and well. A critical thinking prevents, for example, our anxiety is related to the fact that if an idea is not enough valuable it is to think we are bad and our self-esteem will go down, and if we work in a team, we are afraid that they will criticize us and do not criticize others , afraid to give their ideas on another court. And thus, an effective thought process is when these two kinds of attention are separated in time, while in operation, for example, a scientist, naturally, we can find and, in fact, creative thinking, spawning a new and critical thinking, evaluation of the ideas that We were prepared.

In fact, if you look at the thinking of the scientist, we can identify it at least four steps after the psychologist Graham Wallace. It is, when analyzed, as scientists make discoveries, and poets and artists create their works, noted that it is always in the process can be divided into four stages: the preparation stage, which takes place in the mind, completely deployed when we collect the material; stage of ripening, when a scientist or an artist for a while forget about what he was doing, but, apparently, the process continues, just outside of consciousness; Finally, the stage of enlightenment, when the decision comes into consciousness; after which begins the routine step of checking how well that turned out. And we can see that these two kinds of thinking is actually borne by this single thought process.
In principle, there are other classification of thinking related to how it corresponds to reality or to what extent it corresponds to some of our feelings and emotions. In clinical psychology distinguish thinking is realistic and autistic thinking, though human love we can see the components of the autistic thinking all the time. But, in principle, in order to analyze and explore the thinking of these listed species, we are enough