Characteristics of Doping

The name "doping" comes from the English word "dope", which means "to give the drug." According to the definition of the medical commission of the International Olympic Committee doping is considered to be an introduction to the body of athletes in any way (in the form of injections, tablets, inhaled, and so on. D.) Drugs that artificially enhance performance and athletic performance. According to this definition, a drug may be considered doping only if he or its breakdown products can be identified in body fluids (blood, urine) with a high degree of accuracy and reliability.

At the present time to the doping agents include:

• 1.Stimulators (central nervous system stimulants, sympathomimetics, analgesics, such as amphetamine, ephedrine, amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, etc.). Stimulant action effect similar to the effect which is obtained by the action of epinephrine. In any organism there are always guards that do not allow to spend the end of the reserves built into it. Stimulants clean them, so at extreme loads athlete draws its strength from the "emergency reserve".
• 2.Drugs (narcotic analgesics, such as Morphine Alkaloids, Opioids, Promedol, Fentanyl and others.). These include morphine and its chemical and pharmacological analogues acting on the central nervous system and reduce pain.
• 3.Anabolic steroids (Testosterone and its derivatives, Methanedrostenolon, Retabolil, Androdiol and many others), and other hormone anabolic agents (growth hormone, Gonadotropin, Erythropoietin, EPO). Chemicals that cause rapid muscle growth and increase muscle strength. Unlike stimulants, which allow the use of emergency reserve forces of the body, anabolic steroids increase the reserves and allow the athlete to sustain the load several times greater than normal.
• 4.Beta-blockers (Anaprimin (Propranolol), Oxprenolol, Nadolol, Atenolol, etc.). Group of drugs acting on the so-called beta-receptors. As a result of reduced heart rate and called antiarrhythmic effect. Beta-blockers are used by athletes to soothe and reduce tremor in sports where you need precise coordination, such as archery, shooting, jumping into the water.
• 5.Diuretics (diuretics, for example, Novurit, Dichlotiazidi, Furosemide (Lasix), Clopamide, Diakarb, Veroshpiron et al.). In some sports, such as weightlifting, boxing, wrestling, and other diuretics used for quick weight loss. In bodybuilding diuretics are used to improve muscle definition. In addition, diuretics are often used to reduce the concentration in the urine of other illicit drugs. This procedure is aimed at concealing the presence in the body doping and therefore, of course, prohibited.

In addition, doping methods include:

1. Blood doping (blood from an athlete for a certain period of time prior to the competition, and the infusion of her back just before the start).

2. The pharmacological, chemical and mechanical manipulation of the body fluids (masking agents, addition of aromatics in a urine sample, the substitution of samples of urine discharge suppression kidneys, look mildornate).

There is also a class of compounds 4, subject to restrictions, even when administered for therapeutic purposes:

1. Alcohol (liqueur based on ethyl alcohol).

2. Marijuana.

3. The resources of local anesthesia.

4. Cortico-Steroids.

From the viewpoint of an effect of sports doping can be divided into 2 main groups:

1. Drugs used directly during the competition for short-term stimulation of health, mental and physical tone of the athlete.

2. Drugs used for a long time in the training process to build muscle and to ensure adaptation to the athlete's maximum physical exertion.

It should be noted that the most commonly used among anabolic steroids examined doping classes. In weightlifting, power-lifting, bodybuilding, they used about 90% of men and 20% women. In other sports they are used to a lesser extent (78% - the players, 40% - sprinters). At this dose can be used many times greater than recommended (10.5 mg) and up to 300 mg and even 2 grams.

In biochemistry under anabolism understand this for biochemical reactions, which promotes the synthesis of any compounds - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc. From a chemical point of view of anabolic steroids - are derivatives of a substance called cyclo-pentane-pergidrofenatren, which is the structural basis of male sex hormones. Thus, anabolic steroids is an artificially synthesized derivatives of male sex hormone - testosterone, including testosterone itself and its esters.

Testosterone acts on the human body in two directions: promotes the synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and partially myocardial muscle, reduce body fat and its distribution changes - is a manifestation of the so-called anabolic activity of testosterone. Testosterone also promotes the development of male sexual characteristics as the primary: the initial growth of the penis, growth and development of the seminal vesicles, prostate growth and development; and secondary: hair density and placement on the body and face, deepening of the voice, and some of the others - it is androgenic activity of testosterone.

Synthetic anabolic steroids are substances with increased anabolic activity and proportionally reduced androgenic activity. However, there can not exist and anabolic steroid drugs zero androgenic activity. The same or even to a greater extent can be said of the various testosterone and its derivatives (esters), and mixtures thereof. Thus, anabolic steroids have harmless. The main effects of the use of anabolic steroids in sports in the initial period of admission are as follows: fast growth of muscle mass (assuming sufficient content in the diet of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals), and to prevent it from falling during heavy training loads. an increase in the cross-sectional muscle and therefore, proportionally increased due to physical strength increase muscle mass, increase the rate of recovery after exercise, increases the amount of training loads transported.

Anabolic steroids can be in tablet form and in the form of preparations for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.

It should be noted that the current doping - this is not the direct short-term stimulants, as a means of increasing the reserve capacity of the organism. What makes more conventional border between them and the authorized agents.

Depending on the sport, doping can have a completely different and even opposite pharmacological actions of the psychostimulant to tranquilizing, diuretic to cardiotropic of influence.

Over the past 15 years found that depending on the sport in various countries following dopes applied.

In equestrian sport, various doping depending on the specific tasks (stimulants, tranquilizers and other drugs), so conducted doping control of horses.

Recently, actively discussing the issue of gene doping.

Gene doping in the narrow sense of the word (ie, the transfer of foreign genetic material or foreign cells in the body athlete) should be seen as a kind of abuse of gene therapy.

What is gene therapy? Doctor causes the body to produce oxygen. The human body produces special artificial virus, which will bring the desired gene into the human. Gene will work and people will make their own erythropoietin in large numbers, and it will have a lot of oxygen.

The use of drugs in sports:

• 1.Speed-power types: weightlifting, throwing, bodybuilding, sprint in athletics, swimming, skating, cross-country skiing.
• Doping: Anabolic steroids, Growth hormone, Somatropin, Gonadotropin, amphetamines, diuretics and others.
• 2.Sports with a primary display of endurance, cyclic sports: running, swimming, skiing, bike racing, speed skating (long distance, race)
• Doping: Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, gonadotropin, blood doping, and other stimulants.
• 3.Games: football, basketball, rugby, baseball, hockey and hockey, golf and others.
• Doping: Alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana and others.
• 4.Difficult-coordinating type of sports: high jump, diving, figure skating, gymnastics, fencing and others.
• Doping: Alcohol, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, beta-blockers and others.
• 5.Martial Arts: all kinds of wrestling, boxing, martial arts and others.
• Doping: Narcotic analgesics, marijuana and alcohol.

There are hundreds of ways to "put on the human gene", if not thousands. Injection, tablets, pills, inhalation. Can a man take blood cells and infect them with the virus to enter the back. Moreover, it is not necessarily a virus. It is possible to introduce the gene with other technologies. For example, there is a technology, called a "golden." Small gold particles loaded with the gene, is shot through the skin and the gene gets into the human body. Moreover, gene doping can be applied so that the person does not even realize that he has been treated. In this case it is necessary to say that exits outside sports.

However, this is a very complicated method, why scientists come from the fact that prior to its application on a large scale case has not yet come, and because of it is coming not so urgent and obvious threat, both from relatively easily available of drug GW1516.

This material allows for gene doping in the broader sense of the word: it enhances the expression of the so-called, that is, the activity of genes. In this particular case, it means the following: the athlete receiving GW1516, in the cells of the muscle tissue starts to produce more enzymes that break down fats. Such an effect could be extremely useful for patients suffering from obesity. It is to them today, and drug tested.

During the research, mostly in animal experiments, it was shown that by receiving the drug organism endurance increases, and this increase endurance reaches 70 percent. After all, the so-called oxidative metabolism is largely based on the combustion of fat reserves. It is this effect determines the endurance.

Special design dopes are today. Design dope is usual dope, but done in such a way that they are difficult to catch. Normal steroids, but slightly modified so that it could not be detected in the analysis.