HGH in sport

Growth hormone is considered to be one of the most popular sports products, which increase efficiency and improve the results of training. This substance of protein nature, which is a part of biologically active additives, stimulates the synthesis of protein, promotes a powerful growth of muscle mass and simultaneously reduces the amount of fatty deposits.

The modeling of the harmoniously developed body and the full formation of the musculature should be carried out in a complex that includes not only properly organized training and nutritionally balanced nutrition, but also the use of special biologically active additives that help restore muscle fibers, as well as other tissues and cells of the body.

Growth hormone in sports nutrition positions itself as an endocrine catalyst, accelerating metabolism, suppressing catabolic and stimulating anabolic processes, fully supplying muscle tissue with nutrients and accelerating the movement of the athlete to the intended goal.

Biological effect of growth hormone

Growth hormone in sports is used to build muscle relief. When using this bioregulator as an amino acid dietary supplement, it has the following effects:

Promotes the increased growth of muscle mass, prevents catabolic processes (slows down the destruction of muscles);

Stimulates the disintegration of free fat tissue;

Strengthens bones, enhances the synthesis of growth factors (in people under 26 years of age);

Increases the level of glucose in the blood, preventing its absorption by tissues;

Creates an optimal balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;

Reduces the frequency of injuries, stimulates blood circulation and normalizes the work of the heart muscle;

Strengthens the body's immune forces.

Virtually all of the above GR effects contributing to the achievement of their own record result are associated with the action of an insulin-like growth factor - somatomedin, which has an anabolic effect and stimulates hyperplasia of muscle fibers.

Initially, drugs made on the basis of Somatropin, intended for use purely for medical purposes. However, because of the ability to strengthen the muscular relief, significantly reduce fat deposits and improve venous traction, recombinant GH analogues have found wide application in sports practice, more precisely, in the bodybuilding industry. Growth hormone and sports nutrition is a unique tandem that promotes an increase in dry muscle mass and connective tissue fibers, and a simultaneous decrease in the fatty layer.

Peptides what is it?

What are peptides?

Peptides (Greek πεπτος - nutritious) is a family of substances, the molecules of which are constructed from the residues of α-amino acids connected in a chain by peptide (amide) bonds. These are natural or synthetic compounds containing tens, hundreds or thousands of monomeric units - amino acids. This class is very diverse and performs a variety of regulatory functions in the body. Within the framework of this article, we will consider only those peptides that are used in sports to correct physical indicators.

At present, peptides, which are growth hormone stimulants, are increasingly on the market. We will name the most popular of them.

From the Grelin group (GHRP): (create a pronounced peak of the GH concentration immediately after administration, regardless of the time of day and the presence of somatostatin in the blood.)

GHRP-6 and Hexarelin

GHRP-2

Ipamorelin

From the Hormone Growth Hormone Releasing Group (GHRH): (administration to the body causes a wave-like rise in concentration that will be weak in the hours when natural GH secretion is reduced by somatostatin, and high during natural increase in GHR concentration (for example, at night) .In other words, GHRH Strengthens the secretion of GH without disturbing the natural pulsed curve.)

GRF (1-29) Sermorelin

CJC-1295

HGH Frag (176-191) - a fragment of growth hormone (fat burner)

Benefits of peptides

Many people have questions, why use new peptide substances if there is an artificial growth hormone? The answer is simple - peptide stimulants have several significant advantages:

- Peptides are much cheaper than growth hormone. The cost of a similar course will be several times lower.

- Different mechanisms of action and half-lives can manipulate the concentration curve, achieving optimal anabolic response.

- A different effect on hunger and metabolism, allows you to give preference to certain substances.

- At the moment, the production and distribution of peptides is not regulated by law, so they can be ordered online without fear.

- Quickly and without a trace are destroyed, so you can not be afraid for doping control.

Peptides, as well as classical GR, can be easily verified for authenticity. To do this, it is sufficient to pass tests for the level of somatotropin in the plasma after the administration of the drug. However, the time through which it is necessary to pass the analysis is usually not more than an hourū

Other peptides:

Melanotan 2 - a means for tanning and strengthening libido

Bremelanotide PT-141 - enhances sexual desire and erection

Gonadorelin - stimulates the secretion of testosterone

TB500 - for the treatment of injuries and joint repair

SARMs (selective androgen receptor modulators)

Growth hormone stimulants

Insulin-like growth factor

Mechanical growth factor

Reviews of scientists about peptides

Studies have shown that peptides-stimulators of growth hormone secretion (GHRP), as well as other non-peptidic substances that increase secretion, really affect the production of growth hormone. What many physical parameters of an athlete depend on, for example, the amount of muscle mass or the total amount of fat.

These observations formed the basis for the creation of food additives - growth hormone stimulants (for example, amino acids, pituitary peptides, Macuna pruriens, horse beans, choline alfoscerate, etc.). At the current time, there is evidence that peptides-stimulators of growth hormone secretion and some non-peptidic substances can increase the level of growth hormones, as well as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) both at rest and during exercise.

Why sometimes Tip-of-the-Tongue happens?

Why a person can not remember the right word and how the semantic memory is arranged

The phenomenon "at the tip of the tongue" is a situation where you can not name the right word, although you are sure that you know it. It "revolves on the tip of the tongue," and if a person begins to question, he can tell a lot about this word.

In 1966, Harvard psychologists Roger Brown and David McNeil published an article about their experiment. They read out the vocabulary to the subject without a definable word. The first two groups of answers, uninteresting for research, are those cases when the subjects either immediately called the right word or did not know it at all. In the third case, when the subjects, recalling, said: "Yes, yes, yes, now," Brown and McNeil asked additional questions. For example, with which letter this word begins, how many syllables in it, with what it rhymes, is it a synonym for such or such a word. Strikingly, people told a lot of additional information about this word, without even mentioning it.

It turned out that people in semantic memory (the "knowledge" memory responsible for answering questions like "What is a hypotenuse?" And "Who is John Kennedy?") Contains a lot of related information, besides the sound of the word and the connection between the sound of the word and its Value. Apparently, this information is coded by different neural networks, and having access to one, you may not have access to others. But this does not prevent you from using what you have access to. This example shows that the semantic memory is extremely complex and that simple ways of describing it and simple recipes for its improvement are usually ineffective.

The phenomenon "at the tip of the tongue" is a problem of violation of access to some information. But why it happened - a very difficult question. There are a huge number of different types of amnesia, they can be associated with age, with chemical intoxication, with mechanical trauma. But this phenomenon is not connected with any expressed problems. That is, this is a possible error in a well-functioning mechanism.

Psychologists do not leave the phenomenon "at the tip of the tongue" and pay attention to it, because it is a model where you can see which parts of the network are used to store information, how you can help or, conversely, prevent you from recalling a piece of information. This is a convenient phenomenon for studying semantic memory and an understandable experimental procedure: it is clear which test subjects to take and what material to prepare for them.

Spinners and autism with ADHD. Working?

In recent months, a new epidemic has taken over the youth culture: spinners. A banal toy with a bearing in the center and two or three petals quickly became an attribute of a hipster. And at the same time, there was a "legend", they say, in fact, the spinners were designed for the therapy of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which raised sales.

But is it? And whether the rotation in the hands of bearing with petals helps with such serious disorders. Let's figure it out.

Usually the Spinners' invention was far from hipsters in 1993 and was attributed to the chemist Catherine Hettinger, who allegedly saw stones throwing Arab teenagers in the local police, and decided to create some kind of "soothing device". Already here is not all true.

Yes, Catherine Hettinger does exist. And she really invented a toy. But not for an Arab babe, but for his own unfortunate daughter, who suffered from an autoimmune disease, asthenic bulbar paralysis (he is a myasthenia gravis, he is also Erba-Goldflem disease). The woman could not play with her daughter, and so she thought up for her such a twirl with a hole in the middle, from the newspaper and scotch tape. On May 28, 1993, Hettinger actually applied for a patent for a "spinning toy", a device of round shape made of soft plastic, with an extension in the center for holding with fingers and with a rim. But if you look at the picture from the patent, which, by the way, has already expired for more than ten years? Very unlike the spinner. In general, Hettinger does not pretend, constantly stating that the invention of modern spinners (Fidget spinners) is attributed to her.

So, initially the toy was invented not for the autist, but for the myasthenic girl. And although both that and the disease are in the broad subject of our portal, but still the first is psychiatry, and the second is neurology.

Another candidate for the invention may be Scott McCoskeri, who made a career in the IT industry. He came up with a spinning toy to cope with the excitement before the performances. It's reasonable, but it's logical to turn something in your hands to calm it down - this is a normal technique, and McCoskeri can hardly be considered an autistic, he does not even have the most littering Asperger.

So, for autists and children with ADHD spinners did not invent. But this does not stop them from helping?

In fact, so far there is no research on how the spinners work. In the PubMed database, the search for "Fidget spinner" produces exactly zero hits. Therefore, we will have to turn to the lowest level of evidence in medicine: the expert's opinion.

And what do experts tell us? Here is the opinion of Dr. Mark Stein, the head of the department of ADHD and related disorders in the children's hospital in Seattle and at the same time a professor at the University of Washington. "I'm afraid spinners are very distracting. Not only children, but also their parents from those methods of fighting ADHD, which really work. "

So, with mental disorders of children, the spinner is not only not useful, but it can also cause indirect harm when parents grab at a fashionable toy and forget about medicine.

Russian scientists proposed to treat brain injuries with glucose starvation

Russian scientists from the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences have discovered that a glucose "hunger-strike" helps brain cells to fight against epileptic seizures, Alzheimer's disease and the consequences of severe head injuries.

Previously, scientists have found that epileptic seizures occur when nerve cells begin to lack a lot of glucose. Suppress such seizures possible with the help of pyruvic acid, which is formed during the decomposition of sugars. The appearance of this acid in large quantities causes the nerve cell to believe that it lacks "food" and it turns into an "energy-saving" regime. This, in turn, prevents the development of epileptic seizures.

Scientists suggested that such a mechanism can work in the development of neurodegenerative diseases or when serious brain injuries occur. In experiments on laboratory animals, they showed that the introduction of pyruvic acid, insulin and an antioxidant into the brain suppresses cognitive and electrophysiological disorders in the brain in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and also significantly affects the functioning of the brain in the late stages of the development of the disease.

According to the researchers, when the cells switched from a 100% glucose "diet" to the oxidation of pyruvate and other metabolic products, it helped them to deal with the lack of energy associated with blood flow disorders and other problems in the operation of the brain vessels.

Now scientists plan to conduct experiments on animals with severe brain injuries, the consequences of strokes and chronic Alzheimer's disease.

Semax - do not wait for a miracle - wait for natural help

Semax helps to better absorb oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the nervous system, which improves their performance, and, in general, the work of the brain.

Why are we talking about the naturalness of the body? Because Semax is a peptide with a natural chain of amino acids in our body, which in normal mode the body must produce itself. But our overload, underdelivery, not rationing in work, stress, poor nutrition, ecology cause failures and disturbances in the body. And now, Semax, if the functioning of cells is difficult to start producing the necessary amino acids - leads to the restoration of functions to normal.

Hence, it follows that once a miracle from Semax is not worth waiting for and you will not feel a BRIGHT effect, due to its soft and regulatory impact on natural processes. But the effect will be! And it will be without harm to the body.

In order to understand this, it may be necessary to conduct more than one course, and 2-3 (not in a row), but throughout the year.

Semax is expensive. Qualitatively. Naturally. Useful.

P.S. Do not wait for a miracle as from amphetamine)) Semax prepares to reach your individual norm.

Adaptive Immunity

About antibodies, T-cells and differences in adaptive immunity from congenital

Adaptive (it would be more correct to call it "adaptive") immunity is a special way of protecting against a particular enemy, against a particular living being, specific molecules of this living being that have entered our body, the organism of a multicellular organism. The response of the defense adaptation against this invasion begins after the invasion, but it is prepared in advance.

There is a genetic constructor that creates an almost infinitely great variety. Its finitude is dictated by the number of cells more that can not be made. What is the idea of this designer? There are special types of cells that use a molecular machine that makes mutations. This machine changes one nucleotide to another, this is deaminase, induced in certain cells upon their activation.

These specific cells are called lymphocytes. And they have two ideas of a genetic constructor. The one I mentioned about is a change in the structure of the gene in which a molecule is written. And the second is the multiplicity of segments from which the gene is assembled. The gene is assembled from several segments, and in each cell there is the head of the molecule encoded in dozens of segments, the neck of the molecule also with several segments, the body of the molecule still some number of segments. Each time you need to take one of the 70 heads, one of two dozen shears, one of several segments, the segments that encode the body. In each cell, a special construction is obtained, always having a head, neck and body, but always different from the others, from those molecules that make another cell.

Each birth cell collects this gene in an original way. Moreover, on the junction of these sites, mistakes, insertions or deletions are made, and more variants are obtained. Finally, these molecules are assembled from two such structures. And the number of options is a product of the number of variants of each molecule. Thus, it is possible to make unique molecules in newly born cells called lymphocytes. In each lymphocyte, a slightly different molecule appears.

These molecules are used in two ways, primarily as sensors. And they can never be needed in life if this sensor does not meet what it can feel, something that it can grasp. But a variety of sensors, which is estimated at about a hundred million, can detect almost any foreign substance. Because out of a hundred million at least some one will be suitable to grab someone else's substance. So the idea is to make a variety.

But this variety is represented by single copies of cells that have one or another molecule. Have made a molecule A - there will be only a few such cells. The molecule B was made, and so on, hundreds of millions, but each copy is only a few, this is a blank.

When the invasion occurred, the body does not know what will invade today, which will invade tomorrow. He must be ready for any invasion. And he must adapt to the specific invasion that has occurred. The X molecule is involved - we need to have a sensor for X and we need to make an antidote against X. The molecule Z has invaded - we make an antidote against Z. For this we need to have a wide variety of blanks. That on any another molecule or set of molecules to have blanks. But single cells can not be protected from a rapidly multiplying stranger, for example from a virus or a bacterium, their number is estimated at millions. And our individual cells can not do anything, even having excellent sensors, having methods of protection.

Hence, the basis of adaptive immunity is the first - the creation of a huge variety of cells with sensors and sensor molecules. The second is the multiplication of the cell that proved to be suitable for the intruder. Without multiplying the adaptive reaction does not work, it will be helpless. That is why this adaptation, this reaction requires at least a few days, while the multiplication of these blanks and their conversion into maximally active cells capable of protecting from single billets are taking place.

How do they protect? There are two ideas. First: the multiplying cells produce a large number of sensory molecules, but only for export. Now, not on the surface, they are like antennas, but are thrown outward by a trillionth amount, spreading all over the body. These small molecular traps find a stranger and other people's molecules, wherever they hide, these antibodies are called antibodies. The idea is that the cells that were able to produce antibodies to this foreign agent, X, anti-X, were multiplied, and these antibodies spread throughout the body.

The second idea works when the stranger hides inside our cells, for example a virus. The virus immediately penetrates into our cells, and everything, inside the cell, we can not get it. What to do? Strategy: to kill such cells is cruel, but it saves. And to kill, you need to make a container that has a sensor on the surface that recognizes the infected cell and kills it. Such a container is a T-cell (T, because it is born in the thymus, in a special organ). And in this container is hidden deadly molecule, which will kill the infected cell. It is hidden, because it is impossible to produce a deadly molecule like antibodies and spread throughout the body: it will kill ourselves. Therefore, it must be very targeted to deliver, hidden inside such a container. The container serves as a container, and to find the addressee and was not mistaken, a special sensor, a receptor, is made by which she recognizes our cell infected with the virus.

It comes into tight contact with it, seals this contact, and inside the sealed gateway pours out a poisonous molecule that kills this single cell. And here's a nice idea: the cell that was given the "die" signal does not fall apart, it as it is, like a pouch, digests itself inside and becomes a ready-made sac that will be devoured by special eater cells. And none of the neighboring will not suffer. That is, a suicide program is included, and very accurate and very delicate, so that neighbors do not harm. It turns out that, no matter where the infected cell is, the container will find it, give it an individual, personally "die" signal and this death will occur very delicately and without damaging even the neighbors, let alone the removed cells.

Thus, adaptive immunity has two tools. One is cells that produce a variety of antimolecules, antibodies that spread these antibodies throughout the body. And the second idea is an individual "die" signal that brings a special container that has certain sensors to recognize who needs to give this signal, that is, the infected cell. Two big ideas, but both lead to the fact that the alien is digested to elementary molecules, which can be used as bricks for the construction of our own, and there will be no signs of others left. In the first case, the antibodies will stick to the stranger, to foreign molecules or to foreign cells, and this will be a black label so that such alien molecules are absorbed and eaten by eating cells. And in the second case, when the infected cell received the "die" signal, it will digest itself.

In both cases, the enzymes of a molecule that split complex molecules into simple molecules work. Complex molecules carry the originality of the microbe or virus and are different from ours, and simple molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars are the same as the viruses that we have, that of bacteria that we have. Therefore, these molecules can be used to usefully use to construct their complex molecules - and the body acts. The idea is to digest large, complex foreign cells and molecules to simple organic compounds that will be usedfully used by our cells, to amino acids, sugars, simple lipids. But to find a stranger you need special antimolecules and include digestion either inside cells that will absorb the found and labeled stranger, or inside those cells where he settled.

Adaptation reaction consists in the fact that suitable cells and molecules multiply, and then there is complete elimination of the signs of someone else up to elementary structures that do not differ from someone else's and are used. This adaptation reaction takes, as a rule, one or two weeks. If everything is successful, we deal with the aliens. And if this battle drags on, it can last for months. In the first case, we call it acute infection and recovery, and in the second case it is a chronic infection, with which immunity is continuously fighting. It can last months and years, but without this struggle the organism will die.

This is the essence of adaptive, or adaptive, immunity. He is always very special only to this stranger, only to this flu, only to this strain, which this year. And next year again a new reaction, already on another strain, and it takes time. It differs from it from innate immunity, which works on any gram-negative bacterium, on any Gram-positive, and works immediately, without preparation. He does not need hours or days, let alone weeks.

How do cancer cells appear?

About mutations of genes, functions of somatic cells and diagnostics of stomach cancer

The emergence of a tumor in the first approximation is the process of accumulation of mutations, that is, errors, in the genome of cells. As a rule, these are gene mutations associated with either proliferation (cell division) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).

There are powerful enough, including immune, mechanisms to deal with genetically altered or changing cells. A cell with damaged DNA must die with apoptosis. But if there were mutations that led to the fact that cells do not easily go into apoptosis, then they have a chance to turn into tumor cells.

Oncogenesis is always a process of accumulation of mutations. There must be several mutations before the properties of the cell change to such an extent that it can be considered a tumor. This is why tumors are more common in the elderly. If gerontology achieves success, we will often meet the development of tumors in humans.

The probability that there will be several mutations in one cell, with mutations that affect quite certain genes, is negligible. Therefore, in addition to the occurrence of mutations, selection of clones takes place, which is essentially identical to Darwinian natural selection. That is, a mutation occurs, the cells multiply. With a certain probability, one mutation will occur in one of the offspring of the mutated cell, these cells will also be shared, a mutation will occur among their descendants, and so on.

If each next mutation increases the cells' ability to uncontrolled reproduction, they get out of the body's control, and the clone formed by such cells gets the advantage. Among the clone cells, after the next mutation, the next clone is selected, which is even more independent of the organism, less susceptible to programmed cell death, and proliferates more actively. Even after the first mutation, we can say that these are abnormal cells, but only from a certain point and after a fairly long evolution they become tumor clinically.

The purpose of the diagnosis is to catch the tumor until it has reached the point where it is capable of killing the patient. If found on time, it is much easier to fight with a tumor.

There are tumors from which people should not die. For example, stomach cancer. It will not be, if after forty years in the required time to do gastroendoscopy - visual examination of the digestive system with the help of a gastroscope. The process of developing the tumor takes a long time, involves several stages, and you can catch the stage when it is still a polyp that can be removed.

Sometimes cancer cells are called ego-cells. A more successful definition was given by the well-known cell biologist Yuri Markovich Vasiliev. He said that cancer cells are cells with antisocial behavior.

It's not just that every normal cell of the body is under very strict control. Any somatic cell serves the purpose of transmitting the genetic material contained in the germ cells to the next generation (the person in the next generation usually receives one or two cells, all the other trillions of cells are needed only for this transfer to take place). All somatic cells are doomed. Therefore, the cell does not need to multiply more than the body needs. A tumor cell is a cell that behaves asocially: it multiplies more than necessary, not where it is needed, it does not have the properties that are needed by the given tissue. This cell really lives for itself.

Dyslexia

About problems with reading and understanding the text in children, the causes of dyslexia and ways of rehabilitation.

Dyslexia is the inability to master reading. Here, "inability" implies not absolute, but relative difficulties, that is, a person suffering from dyslexia, learn to read is much harder than an ordinary child. Along with dyskulkuliey and dysgraphy, dyslexia is an innate and not acquired developmental disorder. Discalculation is the inability to master mathematics, dysgraphy is the inability to master writing. For acquired (for example, as a result of brain injuries) disorders usually use the prefix "a": alexia, acalculia, agraphia.

Dyslexia is manifested in the fact that a person who, it would seem, developed normally, has problems with schooling at school. The child slowly learns to read, reads with difficulty and does not like to do it. Parents in such cases are advised to send children to classes with a specialist who can help him in solving this problem.

The causes of dyslexia and its diagnosis

Hereditary causes of dyslexia were indicated at the end of the XIX century, when the first descriptions appeared in the literature. The disorder is caused by the fact that in a developing person, because of genetic characteristics, the brain is formed in such a way that its structure and functional characteristics do not allow easy and quick reading.

The inability to learn with dyslexia is relative, not absolute. It is necessary to compare how easily or with what difficulty a child learns the skill of writing, with other parameters of development. Let us assume that a preschooler has a typical intellect, hearing, vision, and there are no neurological or psychic disorders. But at school he begins to lag behind - he has great difficulty with mastering the reading skills, and no one expected the child to face such difficulties.

In this case, dyslexia should be diagnosed and considered as one of the variants of the developmental disorder. Difficulties can be of a different specific character - depending on the culture in which the child is growing, and on the language in which he learns to read.

Dyslexia in different languages

In my studies, I regard dyslexia as a specific type of learning disability associated with reading a single word - it's a process of decoding. In other words, decoding is how quickly a person can read a word without errors. This characteristic of dyslexia is especially important for "opaque" languages, for example, for English. In such languages there is no direct, "transparent" correspondence of phonemes and graphemes.

In order to speak correctly and without accent in your native language, you need to be able to hear and manipulate phonemes, often called indivisible sound speakers (all the words of a spoken language are collected from phonemes). In order for a child to learn to read, he must have a representative space of his native language, which is described in phonemes. When teaching reading these phonemes you need to learn how to map, that is, translate, into graphemes - visual native speakers. The alphabetic languages, of which Russian is an example, differ from each other, depending on how accurately and unambiguously the phonemes are mapped into graphemes or vice versa.

When mapping graphemes into phonemes, you decode (voicing or not) a word. When mapping phonemes to graphemes, you are engaged in spelling. In Russian it is enough to read - to map graphemes to phonemes. Few words, because of which there are difficulties with coding, in this case you need to know the pronunciation of the word. For example, "the sun" - when reading the letter "L" is not readable, but if you still read the "sun", then no one will consider this a mistake. That is, in the Russian language, once you mastered the alphabet, that is, the principle of coding, there are almost no errors in reading, unlike English, where many words are read completely differently than they are written. The situation with spelling in Russian is quite different: coding phonemes into graphemes is a very difficult task.

Dyslexia in Russia and the USA

There are few specialists in Russia who can diagnose dyslexia, because the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10) is used in the country and there is no such diagnosis in it. There is a diagnosis of a specific reading disorder F81.0, but these disorders do not differentiate into inability at the word level and inability at the level of the coherent text.

The fifth edition of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) uses the term "dyslexia", on the basis of this licensed specialist - pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist - can make the appropriate diagnosis. Dyslexia is defined as "learning difficulties characterized by problems with precise or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities" - "a pattern of learning problems characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling Abilities (p.67, DSM-5) ".

The diagnosis is based on clinical observation and psychological testing, which identifies the problem. Experts use intelligence tests, check the person's phonetic skills, skills related to the development of native language and speech, and skills related to elements of cognitive processes, such as memory. Based on a large number of tests, a detailed conclusion is written, and on the basis of this, a diagnosis is made.

The study of dyslexia

For the first time this developmental disorder was documented in the German-language literature at the end of the 19th century. It described the cases when children who attend regular schools and grow up in well-off families have problems with training. The disorder was designated as neurological, and its family forms were immediately described.

In these early works, dyslexia was called in different ways, including congenital verbal blindness. At the beginning of the 20th century, the American scientist Samuel Orton introduced the concept of "dyslexia" in his works. Orton also conducted the first population studies in Iowa (USA) to establish the frequency of occurrence of this disorder - before him, scientists described single cases.

Problems with reading and understanding

The study of dyslexia in Russia is rooted in Soviet psychology. Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist who worked with Russian linguists, himself did not dyslexic, but his students were concerned with this problem. Rosa Levin, who worked at Vygotsky's Institute of Defectology, used the word "dyslexia" in her dissertation and quite unequivocally said that it was a disorder that resulted from the unformed phonetic representation of the native language. Her method with dyslexia was preventive and consisted in creating a system of speech therapy at the state level.

Speech therapists loaded with additional tasks of children with problems of forming phonemic representations (these problems can be found in a child before he encounters the task of mastering the reading skill). Such early logopedic support was aimed at correcting phonetic representations of the native language. As soon as this happened and the person mastered the mapping task, reading immediately became not so terrible a task. The child began to recognize the correspondence of sounds and letters, to sound and decode words. From this, the child did not become the first (most accurate and fastest) reader, but learned to interact with the text.

We are talking about dyslexia, that is, the problem of reading at the level of single words, and this is important, because once you go on to the text, you need to understand its content: we do not read to just decode, but to understand what was written.

As soon as you go to the text, additional problems begin: you need to understand the meaning of morphology - be able to interpret prefixes, suffixes, endings. In addition, one must possess the skills of critical thinking in order to be able to find out what the text is about, to understand who the main characters are in it, what is the object and the subject. And this is not dyslexia, but this is a violation of the understanding of what has been read, another type of inability to learn reading. Of course, they are interrelated, but dyslexia is complexity at the level of a single word that leads to problems with understanding. But difficulties with understanding are also encountered in the absence of dyslexia. That is, you can perfectly decode and at the same time have difficulty understanding the reading.

For additional diagnosis a person should be sent as soon as he has difficulty understanding the reading or decoding single words. Often they do not pay attention to it in the mass school: they measure only the speed of reading, and understanding is rarely recorded. Therefore, a situation arises when a third-grade student does not have time for reading or for math, because he simply can not understand the task.

At what age is dyslexia manifested

Dyslexia can not occur suddenly, it must have unambiguous signs in its early development. If a person has had everything normal, and the problems have arisen after a brain injury, then this alexia is an acquired, not an inborn disorder. If a person has always been difficult to read, he did not know why, then, most likely, dyslexia simply was not diagnosed.

Dyslexia is a condition that lasts a lifetime. Like any developmental disorder, it is incurable, but you can reduce its intensity, successfully rehabilitate. If you do not start dyslexia at an early age, then in the future it will make a person's life worse. Dyslexia has a high rate of conjugation with other disorders, for example, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Problems with reading can adversely affect the mental state in adulthood. People with dyslexia, which were not involved in childhood, often in adulthood suffer from depression and anxiety disorders.

Rehabilitation of dyslexia

Dyslexia, firstly, is not lethal, and secondly, it is rehabilitated. And if the early environment is built correctly, if the reading instruction is built in such a way that an established linguistic representation is formed first, and then this representation is translated into the language of grapheme, if the family pays much attention to it, then dyslexia, despite the peculiarities of the brain structure, may not arise or arise , But not to disrupt the harmony of development, not to become a problem.

Usually people with dyslexia who know about their difficulties and understand their experiences do everything to prevent such difficulties from their children. In the world there are quite a lot of studies where children of parents with dyslexia were observed during early development. Studies show that a large number of children are very successfully rehabilitated if they pay attention to it before the child starts falling behind in school.

The main principle of rehabilitation is proper reading instruction. Especially in alphabetical languages, it should be based on a phonetic-phonemic principle - direct phased learning with a primer. When teaching immersion in their native language dyslexics very quickly get lost and begin to lag, because they can not build phonetically-grapheme systems themselves, unlike a typically developing child. They need to help in this systematically.

An ordinary child learns for a long time that "a" corresponds to several phonemes in the Russian language - "a", "o" - depending on the context. And a child with dyslexia such mapping will be very difficult. That is why early learning to read skills with immersion in your native language is completely counter-indicative.

For a problem diagnosed at a later age, there is a fairly large number of rehabilitation methods, many companies are engaged in them in the West. All of them are related to the need to go to the phonemic roots, to build them, to create their representation, where both phonemes and graphemes are represented. There are several such methods, but the principle of Samuel Orton and his followers dominates - the Orton-Gillingham approach. There are programs that work with vocabulary (Just Words) or fluency reading (RAVE-O). The type of the program is selected depending on the characteristics of the deficit in the child, his age and neglect of the problem.

Stunning-facts-about-the-brain

1. It has been established that physical activity is the key to the life expectancy of a person and his brain. The longer active, many and regularly working elderly people, the more they have the chance to live to a very deep old age in their right mind with good memory.

2. The benefits of sports have long been questioned. But only now scientists have found the explanation: sports loads stimulate the germination of new cells in the hippocampus and help to survive the neurons just born.

3. Diets and starvation, on the contrary, have a negative effect on the brain. As a consequence, he is forced to "eat" himself.

4. Failure our brain feels like physical pain.

5. The brain of children processes up to half of all glucose present in the body. To fill it up, the child is forced to sleep a lot.

6. On average, it takes six minutes for the brain to react to the alcohol taken by the body.

7. When a person begins to study something new, the structure of the brain begins to change. Semax and Phenotropil, Cogitum and Cerebrolysin can fast this process.

8. The brain of a child perceives scenes of cruelty in his own family as harmful as the war affects the soldier's brain.

9. Those people who constantly want to sleep and rest, quickly come atrophy of the brain.

10. The brain of any person alone generates more electrical impulses per day than all the telephones in the world.

11. Poverty, unfortunately, can cause negative disturbances in the work of the adolescent brain. The changing activity of the gene, which affects the amygdala, leads to the development of clinical depression. In turn, having a history of depression, representatives of poor families are more likely to be affected by affective disorders.

12. The figure of activity of the temporomandibular cortex of the right hemisphere of the brain can clearly tell the specialist whether a particular person has the ability to learn foreign languages. Moreover, in the plans of scientists - the creation of an instrument that could support a favorable for this ability pattern of activity.

13. By stimulating a certain part of the brain, you can become more self-confident.

14. To simulate only one second of human brain activity, the fourth supercomputer in the world was forced to work for 40 minutes.

15. The brain under the influence of alcohol loses the ability to remember. It is this feature of the brain, and not the alcohol itself, that leads to the fact that a drunk does not recognize loved ones.

16. Studying the brain activity of men and women, scientists were convinced that they still can not think or act in the same way. A pair of men acts more efficiently and quickly, a pair of women - on the contrary. So far, no explanation has been found for this.

17. The smartest children are born when the birth takes place at the 41st week of pregnancy.

18. Every minute, 75% of the blood in the human body flows through the vessels of the brain.

19. The brain consumes somewhere 20% of the total oxygen intake and the same amount - from all the calories it receives.

20. 90% of the information enters the human brain through vision.

So take care of your eyesight, work on your physical preparation, improve the well-being and microclimate of your family and continue to actively develop your incredible, mysterious, functional, amazingly efficient brain!