Gender identity and adaptation

Psychologist Dr. Doping tells about androgyny, femininity in men and rejection sex of child. How to distinguish between sex and gender? What is the ratio of femininity and masculinity in the human personality? What are the strategies for adaptation?

When we say "man and woman", "boy and girl", we mean sex differences, biological framework and features, consisting of a number of criteria (hormonal sex, gonadal sex, morphological sex), by which we can distinguish between men and women. In addition there is a sexual and gender identity. Gender identity correlate with the biological sex and gender - the social. To some degree, we can accept this point of view, to dilute the two constructs. To improve brain take Cogitum, Phenotropil, Semax, to reduce stress – Afobazol.

It is important to pay attention not only to the possibility of androgyny to serve as a basis to adapt, but also to explore additional factors. Turning to the masculinity and femininity, we can not say that these types of problematic for adaptation, unlike plastic and successful type of man with androgynous identity. It turns out that masculinity is also associated with adaptation, and it is unimportant, a man or a woman. This universal characteristic, which provides a person successful, confidence, and so on. The most telling feature of masculinity - is the activity. Search activity is a frequent speaker for the way human social movement. Unambiguous assessment regarding femininity not. It is believed that a woman's femininity can be a reason to adapt it, and at the man, if it is marked characteristic may be the reason for the problems.

FAQ: Post traumatic stress in the relationship mother daughter

5 facts about the behavior of mothers who have experienced a stressful event

The problem of post-traumatic stress, particularly in the relationship "mother - daughter", is quite new. When we talk about this issue in the context of medicine and clinical psychology, first of all we focus our attention not on post-traumatic stress, and PTSD. But, as is known, psychologists have no authority, firstly, establish the diagnosis, and secondly, to carry out any treatment that applies disorders.

What is involved in psychology? Psychologists should study the psychological picture of post-traumatic stress. This complex features, signs emerging in humans under the influence of high intensity stressors: natural, nutrient, man-made disasters, various accidents, as well as under the influence of stressors related to family relationships, especially threats to life, physical and sexual abuse in the family.

• 1.Features of post-traumatic stress

What are the characteristics of post-traumatic stress? First of all, in the history of the person must be a specific stressor, it will affect his state. The intensity of the stressor is that it has caused a person horror reaction of fear, helplessness, and paired with the experiences of life and death. The peculiarity of post-traumatic stress is that it is emerging of delayed symptoms. Man can survive the acute specific event, but after a while, three or six months or more after overcoming the acute condition, the effect of the stressor may be resumed as compulsive paintings of this event. Also, physiological arousal may increase, decrease social activity, can cause problems with sleep, one can try to avoid situations that remind him of the stressor. To reduce stress and anxiety – buy Phenibut, Afobazol, Phenazepam, Selank, Cogitum.

• 2.The specifics of the behavior of mothers who have experienced traumatic stress

If we turn to the problem of "mother - daughter", it turns out that the post-traumatic stress can affect not only the person who directly experienced some adverse event, or was it an indirect victim (the transmission of information via television, radio, newspapers can influence man as if he was a real eye-witness of these events), but also to its close and distant surroundings. Even if between mother and daughter is not warm and trusting relationships, the couple still represents two very close people who are inseparable to some point of their lives.

Studies have shown that mothers who have a history of present stressor or stressors whole group, which led to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, there is a special specificity of behavior has an impact on their daughters. I would have stopped at two features that we found in daughters than with other couples, that is, mother and daughter, where her mother, we found no evidence of post-traumatic stress: personality traits of daughters and mothers and their social roles (women, maternal role, and feeling themselves as individuals).

• 3.Personality traits and confusion of social roles

It turned out that the daughter whose mothers experienced a stressful event, copying their mothers on personality traits. That is, if the personal profiles to construct, they substantially overlap. The famous psychoanalyst Carl Jung said that when we see the coincidence of the responses to a particular test, sometimes it may be an illusion, it is a favorable picture, which shows that people are close. But in fact, in this lies the deeper problem, because it is a different person, and despite the fact that they can be something like, they should not be symbiotic. In this case, however, it turns out that her daughter is home to the mother's life.

The second phenomenon discovered by us - a confusion of social roles. Daughter takes the role of the mother, and the mother, on the contrary, acts as a daughter. This daughter can have great difficulty to perform the role of the mother, since she is not yet ready to take on such responsibility. The mother, in spite of this can be, depending on the position of his daughter, as in need of social support and does not have the resources to cope with life's difficulties.

• 4.The complex of abandonment

Also, for a variety of diagnostic techniques of our daughters have been complex abandonment. This means that the mother, who may have had an early traumatic experience was as a result of these symptoms of depression and was not able to respond to the needs of her daughter and thus it has become for her a negative conductor in the world. She aired her daughter, the world is depressed, threatening and traumatic. And, most likely, in such emotional isolation she did not give adequate support to her daughter in difficult situations is experienced daughter leaving.

In this sense, it becomes very clear identification of the daughter to the mother. The daughter can be detected by virtue of abandonment complex emotional emptiness. In addition, the relationship "mother - daughter" may affect the relationship with the daughter of men. It can take on the male role due to the fact that her experience with her mother made her precocious man.

• 5.Research Perspectives

One of the obvious issues in this area: at what point life of the mother was experiencing the impact of the stressor and at what point there were signs of post-traumatic stress: before the birth of her daughter, just in the first year of her life, or at the time when these events occur in the adult life of the mother, already having a grown-up daughter? This line of research is very promising. It will contribute to the very problems of post-traumatic stress and to understand what other factors contribute to the emergence of post-traumatic symptoms.

It is also very much like to understand what practical effect has this problem, that is what we as the practical psychologists can help a mother and daughter in this difficult situation. The fact that the daughter, who may not have had the effect of his experience of high intensity stressors, yet has difficulties associated with the influence of the mother, and can broadcast these problems for future generations. This problem is related to transgenerational relationships: when something is experienced a traumatic event is transmitted not only to children but also grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and so on.

Dosing of medicines

Parameters which are used for the choice of dosage of medicinal preparations

Pharmakodinamic and pharmacokinetic parameters:

• Peak (maximum) levels in a blood (Cmax).
• Achievement time With max (Tmax).
• Duration of observation over concentration of medicinal substance in a blood.
• Duration of pharmacological effect(s).
• Elimination half-life of medicinal substance (T1/2).
• Biological availability (F).
• Accumulation.
• Induction mikrosomalnykh of enzymes.
• Characteristics of distribution.
• Linkng with proteins of a blood plasma.
• Metabolism (biotransformation).
• Egestion.
• Synergy.
• Interaction with other medicinal preparations.
• Tachyphylaxis.
• Tolerance.

The parameters of dosage of medicines bound to characteristics of the patient:

• Age.
• Sex.
• Body weight.
• Race or ethnic group.
• Residences.
• Disease severity.
• Associated diseases.
• The accompanying medicinal preparations.
• Other criteria of including (for example, smokers, non-smoking, etc.).
• Usually are defined in plasma or blood serum.

Bioavailability of the medicinal preparation accepted inside is a resultant of all processes which followed after its reception before emergence in a systemic blood flow i.e. it is availability of medicinal substance in a systemic blood flow after absorption from various parts of a GIT. The term "bioavailability" is sometimes used for the description of both degree (quantity), and rate with which medicine comes to a systemic blood stream.

Biological availability (F) is usually expressed as percent from the prescribed dose of a medicinal preparation defined in an organism in not changed look in comparison with the corresponding standard:

F = Aucisp*dst/AUCST * % Disp*100

where Aucisp — the area under a curve "concentration of drug in a blood plasma — time" the tested medicinal preparation;

AUCST — the area under a curve "concentration of drug in a blood plasma — time" a standard medicinal preparation;

Dst — a dose of a standard medicinal preparation;

Disp — a dose of the tested medicinal preparation.

Given to bioavailability at introduction of a dosage form inside it is possible to compare to results of intravenous administration. Bioavailability at intravenous administration is taken for 100%. The size reached at the last way is considered as absolute bioavailability. When comparing pharmacocinetics of the studied substance with standard for the dosage forms intended for introduction inside it is estimated as relative bioavailability.

Various factors can influence biological availability (for example, a nutrition, a disease, age, other medicinal preparations), and these factors have to be considered during clinical tests.

The factors influencing bioavailability of medicines for intake:

• physical and chemical properties of medicine (for example, solubility in gastric or intestinal juice, the size, type, a crystal form of a molecule);
• pharmaceutical factors (for example, type and amount of excipients, pressing pressure for preparation of tablets, the size of granules, quality of a film covering);
• GIT contents (for example, existence of food, other medicines);
• characteristics of a GIT (for example, ๐อ gastric juice, time of his depletion, metabolic activity of enzymes of a wall of intestines, secretion of a GIT, disease);
• GIT flora (for example, intestinal bacteria);
• intake of hormones in a GIT;
• activity of the autonomic nervous system;
• metabolic status of the patient (for example, bad food);
• pathological states (for example, the diseases influencing absorption process);
• effect of the first passing of medicines through a liver;
• intensity of a bilious stream;
• other factors.
• When calculating bioavailability estimate three main pharmacokinetic parameters:
• maximum concentration;
• time of achievement of the maximum concentration;
• the area under a pharmacokinetic curve.

Bioequivalence assessment, i.e. ensuring identical bioavailability of medicine with two drugs from this dosage form and identical rate of achievement of the maximum concentration of drug in a blood is important for quality control of the reproduced (generic) drugs containing the same medicine in an identical dosage form.

In the drawing it is shown how two medicinal preparations containing the same medicinal substance differ from each other. So, rate of an absorption of drug B more slowly as time of achievement of Cmax in a blood plasma is more, than at drug A. Despite it, degree of an absorption of two medicinal preparations same as the areas under pharmacokinetic curves of drugs A and B are equivalent. Advantage of drug B is that the maximum level of a medicinal preparation in a blood plasma is lower than the level causing toxic effect. Pay attention to - Complex of cytamins for the visual system.

The most important problem of control of content of medicinal substance in a blood — not to allow excess of the maximum concentration and development of toxic action. There is a set of other reasons for monitoring of level of a medicinal preparation in a blood plasma and other bioliquids. Some are given below.

The bases for measurement of concentration of medicinal substance in a blood plasma and/or other bioliquids:

• assessment of bioavailability and pharmacocinetics of medicinal substance under various conditions;
• control of performance of necessary demands by the patient;
• definition of existence and degree of tolerance to a medicinal preparation;
• differentiation of cases of the collateral reactions bound to a disease of the patient or to the accepted drug;
• development of the scheme of dosage of medicines;
• the combined use of medicinal preparations;
• granting basic data for the subsequent course use of medicinal preparations;
• assessment of mistakes at dosage of medicinal preparations;
• assessment of various reactions caused by genetic factors;
• assessment of range of concentration at which therapeutic effects ("a therapeutic window") are observed;
• other reasons.

The forecast of the expected maximum concentration of medicine in blood plasma based on use of the appropriate pharmacokinetic models prior to tests is very useful in case of a choice of the appropriate pharm therapist mode of dispensing to an exception of toxic levels. It is necessary to consider that by development of such model it is difficult to envelop everything potentially significant factors as many of them don't give in to the quantitative assessment (for example, interaction between medicines, activity the microsomal enzymes of a liver, etc.).

Time of achievement equilibrium (steady, constant, stationary levels) concentration (Css) of medicines in bioliquids is defined only by the period of their semi-deduction. For example, 50% of equilibrium concentration are reached during the first period while 90% of Css — during 3,3 elimination half-life. If achievement of Css requires relatively a lot of time (for example, several days and more), then it is desirable to calculate the load dose of medicine. If time of achievement of Css small and medicine is quickly brought out of an organism, then the dosage form with controlled release of medicinal substance is required.

Duration of registration of concentration of medicines in bioliquid. To determine medicine reception frequency, it is necessary to estimate its concentration at bioliquids which are higher than the minimum therapeutic concentration adequately.

Phases of metabolism of medicines

Duration of pharmacological effects. For some medicines there is no direct correlation between their concentration in plasma of blood and pharmacological action. There are cases when the effect of reception of medicine lasts long, at the same time the content of medicine in plasma of blood manages to be determined within a short period of time.

The elimination half-life (semi-existence) of a medicinal preparation is time during which its concentration in bioliquid decreases twice. An elimination half-life of a medicinal preparation — the important indicator necessary for calculation of the scheme of use promoting maintenance of equilibrium concentration of a medicinal preparation at its course appointment. However intervals between which settlement dosage of medicines is made can be calculated also through a half-cycle of pharmacological effect or proceeding from safety of reception of a medicinal preparation. For example, the elimination half-life of Diazepamum makes more than 30 h, however drug is prescribed in small doses by 2 — 3 times a day for decrease of sedation.

Some medicinal preparations collect in an organism after repeated use. This phenomenon as it was mentioned above, is called a cumulation. It is necessary to be especially careful when using medicines with a larger elimination half-life.

When after achievement of stationary concentration of a medicinal preparation in a blood plasma the patient stops accepting it, contents it during certain time falls to zero level. The curve describing dependence of depression of concentration of drug in a blood plasma from time is opposite to curve accumulation; depression of concentration at 50% of the size Css will happen during 1 elimination half-life, to 10% of Css — within 3,3 periods, and drug will practically disappear from a blood plasma during 5 — 7 elimination half-lives.

At repeated use of some medicinal preparations, in particular Fenobarbitalum, Phenytoinum, in a liver level the microsomal enzymes usually increases. As these enzymes metabolize also other drugs, rate of elimination of the last is enlarged therefore the dose of a medicinal preparation against the background of induction can be insufficient. Especially it is important to consider it at clinical tests of new anticonvulsant drugs as most of patients already accepted the drugs inducing mikrosomalny enzymes. Own metabolism (autoinduktion) can also accelerate drug which induces mikrosomalny enzymes that leads to depression of pharm therapists action. Usually induction of enzymes occurs in 3 — 10 days after the beginning of reception of a medicinal preparation.

Rate and way of an absorption, distribution, penetration of medicinal preparations into various body tissues can affect selectivity and duration of their action. Mechanisms of an absorption (absorption) of medicines and penetration through biological membranes are identical and are divided into passive diffusion, the facilitated diffusion, a filtration, active transport, pinocytic. By passive diffusion on a gradient of concentration lipifilny unpolar substances (weak acids, the weak bases) get. The facilitated diffusion of medicines happens on a concentration gradient by means of carriers as which squirrels (glucose) act. The filtration is characteristic of penetration of hydrophylic substances through water pores in a membrane (urea). Active transport is carried out by means of transport systems, against a gradient of concentration (cardiac glycosides). The pinocytic represents an environment an external surface of a membrane of large molecules or units of molecules, formation of a vacuole which separates from a membrane plunges in a cell where blister contents (liposoluble vitamins) are released.

After entering in a systemic blood stream drugs are distributed in organs and tissues evenly or irregularly. So, hydrophylic medicines are distributed unevenly, without getting into cells, and being distributed generally in a blood plasma and interstitial liquid. The nature of distribution depends as on ability to be dissolved in water and lipids, and from durability of linkng with proteins, intensity of blood supply of organs and tissues. At distribution in an organism some medicines partially are late and collect in various organs and tissues owing to reversible linkng of medicines with proteins, lipids, nucleotides. This process is called deposition. For example, barbiturates quickly leave a systemic blood stream and pass into fatty tissue from which they are slowly released. Various barbiturates have different affinity to fatty tissue and, therefore, characteristics of distribution which determine the size of a dose and frequency ๑ๅ appointments.

Many medicinal preparations reversibly interact with such proteins of a blood plasma as an albumin. With pharmacological effect the maintenance of "free" fraction of a medicinal preparation correlates mainly. Any change in binding (especially for drugs which are bound to proteins for 90% and more) can affect their therapeutic and/or toxic effect. Hypoalbuminemia or appointment in combination with other medicinal preparations defining the competition for the place of linkng with proteins of a blood plasma can enlarge levels of "free" fractions that, undoubtedly, will affect efficiency of action.

Medicinal preparations in an organism are affected, as a rule, leading to their neutralization and elimination. Some freely soluble bonds in water eliminiruts by kidneys in not changed look, others enter the enzymatic reactions changing their chemical structure. The metabolism, or a biotransformation is the general concept reflecting chemical changes of medicinal substances in an organism. To a bowl of all metabolism depression of solubility of drug in fats (depression of lipofilnost) and rising of solubility in water (rising of hydrophylic nature), and with another — change of pharmacological activity is result, on the one hand. The biotransformation of lipophilic medicines occurs under the influence of the enzymes of a liver localized in a membrane of an endoplasmatic retikulum of hepatocytes. These enzymes are called mikrosomal (oxidases of the admixed functions, or monooxygenases, the main component of system are R-450-reduktaza cytochrome and cytochrome R-450-gemoprotein which binds molecules of medicine and oxygen in the active center). Reaction proceeds with the participation of NADFN (for example, by a hydroxylation Fenobarbitalum, deaminations — Diazepamum, N-oxidations — Morphinum, S-oxidations fenotiazin turns). In a blood plasma, a liver, an intestine, lungs, skin, mucosas and other tissues there are nemikrosomal enzymes localized in cytoashes and mitochondrions (for example, novocamid, acetylsalicylic acid are exposed to hydrolysis in a blood plasma).

Conjugation tests which medicines enter usually proceed after end of mikrosomal and not microsomal oxidation (for example, Sulfadimethoxinum forms Amidums PP with glucuronic acid, and Sulfadimezinum with acetic). In the course of a conjugation high-polar hydrophylic compounds which quickly excrete with urine, the majority of metabolites also are formed is exposed to conjugation.

Only a small amount of drugs is removed by kidneys in not changed look. To a bowl of all it the "small molecules" capable to be in the ionized state at physiological values ๐อ. Pharmacological active organic molecules are mainly lipophilic and remain not ionized at physiological values ๐อ. Such drugs are usually bound to proteins of plasma, are badly filtered in a renal glomulus and reabsorbirutsya at the same time easily in a renal canaliculus. The metabolism is referred on rising of solubility of a molecule of a medicinal preparation that promotes its removal from an organism with urine. In other words, lipophilic medicinal preparations turn in hydrophylic and, therefore, into more easily removed bonds. The renal egestion of medicines happens to participation of a glomerular filtration through intercellular intervals in an endothelium of capillaries of a renal glomulus, getting to a lumen of a canaliculus; active secretion in a lumen of a canaliculus and a reabsorption by passive diffusion on a concentration gradient through membranes of a renal canaliculus.

Some medicines which are badly soaked up, removed with excrements (Nistatinum) others are emitted with bile in a lumen of an intestine and removed with excrement (Rifampicinum). Other drugs after allocation with bile in an intestine are repeatedly soaked up (enterogepatichesc circulation, for example, Morphinum). Aeriform anesthetics are removed by lungs, drugs of halogens stalemate and sialadens (Iodidums), the lacrimal glands (Rifampicinum), mammary glands (cytostatics).

Dosage of pro-drugs

Change of pharmacological activity of medicinal preparations can result from a metabolism in the following directions:

• pharmacological active agent turns in pharmacological inactive that is characteristic of the majority of drugs;
• pharmacological active agent at the first stage turns into another pharmacological active:
• Pro-drugs. Initially inactive drugs turning in an organism into pharmacological active agents belong to pro-drugs.

One of the purposes of creation of pro-drugs is improvement of pharmacokinetic properties that accelerates and enlarges their absorption. So, Ampicillinum esters pivampitsin, talampitsin and bikampitsin which unlike Ampicillinum are almost completely soaked up at intake (98 — 99%) were developed. In a liver these drugs are exposed to hydrolysis under the influence of enzymes of carboxyesterases to Ampicillinum which has antibacterial activity. One more example are APF inhibitors containing carboxyl group. So, enalapril is soaked up at intake for 60% and hydrolyzed in a liver under the influence of carboxyesterases to active enalaprilat. It is necessary to notice that enalaprilat at introduction is inside soaked up only for 10%. The purpose of creation of pro-drugs is also rising of safety of a pharmacotherapy. For example, sulindak at intake doesn't irritate mucous a stomach as doesn't block in it synthesis of cytoprotective Prostaglandinums. Only in a liver sulindak is hydrolyzed with formation of active sulfide of sulindak. One more purpose of creation of pro-drugs rising of selectivity of action of medicinal preparations that also increases their efficiency and safety. Dofaminum is used for intensifying of a renal blood flow (at an acute renal failure), however it influences a myocardium and vessels. At the same time the ABP raises, there are tachycardia and arrhythmias. Accession to Dofaminum of the rest of glutaminic acid led to creation of drug of a glutamil-dof. Glutamil-dofa is hydrolyzed to Dofaminum only in kidneys under the influence of glutamiltranspeptidasa and decarboxylase of L-aromagicheskikh of amino acids and, therefore, practically doesn't make impact on the central hemodynamics.

Pro-drugs can have both active and inactive metabolites.

At the patients accepting medicines tolerance to them, i.e. decrease in reaction to medicine reception sometimes develops that can demand increase in a dose for manifestation of equivalent effect. Effects of interaction between medicines can lead to synergysm of the desired effects, decrease in therapeutic effects, toxic collateral reactions, unusual or difficult effects which are difficult for classifying.

Interaction of drugs is described by several mechanisms: medicinal incompatibility in case of use of medicines, the induction the mikrosomal enzymes caused by one medicine which influences metabolism of another, and kidney effects of one medicine which changes elimination of another.

The accounting of interaction of drugs is necessary at their combined application.

Supplements for ligaments and joints

Introduction

High exercise stresses on ligaments and joints lead to developing of chronic pains and development of dystrophic processes in ligaments and joints. Besides, practically each athlete even of amateur level faces various injuries therefore it is very important to pay special attention to their prevention. To it is promoted by both careful warm-up, and use of special sports additives which accelerate neogenesis of a connecting tissue and promote its strengthening. A certain circle of injuries is characteristic of any kind of sport. If you visit gym, then the raised load is the share of joints and ligaments, it is worth taking care of them first of all.

Connecting tissue

The connecting tissue includes tendons, ligaments, muscular fascias, aponeuroses (fibrous membranes which bridge muscles together or to bones) and is a part of a cover practically of all organs. The main function of a connecting tissue - creation of mechanical durability of a body and giving of a form to it. The connecting tissue consists mainly of a collagen which represents the strong albuminous threads which aren't allowing a rupture of a tissue and an elastin which provides elasticity and tensile properties of tissues. In each type of a connecting tissue there are special cells - fibroblasts at ligaments and tendons, chondroblasts at a cartilage, osteoblasts at a bone. These cells produce an elastin and a collagen, and also promote updating and restoration of a connecting tissue.

Relevance

To achieve good results in bodybuilding, athletes should practise with big scales at trainings as for muscle growth it is required to create a maximum load on each muscular bunch. With the fixed growth of working scales also the risk of getting injured therefore it is necessary to strengthen in addition the copular device and cartilaginous tissue of joints increases.

The systematic cartilage leads to development of osteoarthrosis is a disease which is followed by the expressed pain in joints, of violation of physical activity and has almost irreversible character, that is often results in disability. About 20 million Americans have this disease and as show statistical data, the risk of emergence of this pathology is much higher in case of occupations strength sports.

So, if you:

• You go in for bodybuilding or powerlifting
• You feel painful feelings, a crunch or rigidity in joints and ligaments
• Were traumatized
• You want to strengthen ligaments and joints

Remember that diseases of sheaves and joints will very badly respond to treatment therefore it is much more effective to carry out prevention! Prevention, and only in the second queue recommendations in this article are devoted to treatment. Preventive rates are especially urgent for aged people 30 years when connecting fabric becomes more vulnerable are more senior.

Criticism

Data of network meta-analysis of the controlled researches conducted at 3803 patients of osteoarthrosis of knee and coxofemoral joints couldn't reveal any clinically significant effect of glycosamine, hondroitin or their combination concerning reduction of articulate pain or delay of narrowing of an articulate crack in comparison with placebo. From this a conclusion follows that neither sulfate of hondroitin, nor glycosamine sulfate, nor their combinations help in case of joint pains.

Composition of additives

Now it is possible to find tens and even hundreds of additives which are intended for treatment and strengthening of joints and sheaves, however the most part of these products is absolutely inefficient. In too time other part doesn't conform to the modern quality standards, or has very high cost and can be replaced with more economic products. "Attention" In this section only those means which promote recovery of a cartilage and connecting fabric are considered, but not just temporarily eliminate symptoms.

Let's begin the analysis with the list of active ingredients with an objective efficiency evaluation on the basis of modern researches:

High efficiency

• Glucosamine sulfate - strengthening of joints and ligaments
• Chondroitin sulfate - strengthening of joints and ligaments
• Collagen - strengthening of joints, ligaments, bones, improvement of properties of a skin
• Omega-3 - fatty acids reduce synthesis of pro-inflammatory Prostaglandinums and interfere with destruction of a cartilage in joints. It was noticed that an omega-3 facilitate a pain syndrome at diseases of joints and improve their mobility. Therefore it is recommended to accept periodically cod-liver oil or fat species of fish.
• Calcium and vitamin D - are necessary for strengthening of bones, have to be accepted at the same time. It is necessary to notice that deficiency of vitamin D meets quite often – it is especially characteristic of northern climate. Separate researches show that deficiency of vitamin D leads to various disorders, including an inflammation of ligaments and joints. Acceptance of the corresponding additives is capable to reduce such negative processes.

The drugs which are favorably influencing joints:

• Nandrolonum, Anapolon (the anabolic steroids eliminating joint pains)
• Body height hormone (restores joints and strengthens ligaments)
• CJC-1295 peptide

Average efficiency

• Metilsulfonilmetan eliminates pain and suppresses an inflammation, however doesn't promote restoration of a connecting tissue
• The spark cartilage - comprises a glucosamine, a collagen and a calcium, however efficiency of treatment is higher when using these components in the cleared look.
• S-adenozilmetionin - drug was approved during clinical tests for treatment of diseases of joints in the European countries. The problem is that for obtaining effect very high doses - to 1500 mg a day are required, considering the high cost of S-adenozilmetionina, its course will be very expensive. Additive also renders moderate antidepressive effect.
• Bromelain - an admixture of proteolytic enzymes of a plant origin. A good agent for elimination of pain and an inflammation at recently traumatized or in an active phase of an inflammation.
• Kurkumin - plant extract which has antiinflammatory effect. Action of kurkumin as showed researches, quite weak.
• Vitamins and minerals - restoration of ligaments and joints demands a large amount of the vitamins and minerals which are taking part in process of synthesis of new cells. Vitamins, first of all, concern to them: B6, E, C, minerals: Niacinum, Zincum, selenium, magnesium. Many vitamins and minerals, besides, are fine antioxidants that helps to protect cells from oxidizing damage at an inflammation.
• Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis. Besides it is a fine antioxidant. This vitamin promotes decrease of pains and inflammations. Besides, vitamin C improves restoration.
• Vitamin E is also a potent antioxidant, it reduces pains and protects joints from damage. Both vitamins C and E play an important role at treatment of illnesses of joints that is explained by depression of oxidizing processes. Clinical trials show that additives with vitamins E and With reduce after the training an inflammation and pain in ligaments and joints. Buy online - Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin injection.
• Group B vitamins also make antiinflammatory impact. So, they help at a revmatoida and an osteoarthritis. Pantothenate or B5 vitamin well influences an adhesion of wounds, improves collagen synthesis. At the same time separate researches show that the low level of content of pantothenic acid (B5 vitamin) in an organism is in feedback with augmentation of a joint pain and rigidity of ligaments. B6, B12 vitamins and folic acid have antiinflammatory action.
• Minerals are required for ensuring normal functioning of cells, they serve for activization of production of enzymes, synthesis of cells of ligaments. Boron and manganese enlarge collagen reproduction, synthesis of glikozaminoglikan, improve a metabolism. Some drugs, as we know, negatively influence digestion of some minerals. Acceptance of the corresponding additives has to provide their sufficient stock in an organism. Clinical tests demonstrate that the disadvantage of Zincum exerts negative impact on synthesis of a connecting tissue. Zincum, mainly, activates production of enzymes which are responsible for body height of cells and their integrity. At a disadvantage of this mineral of an organism a bad adhesion of tissues is observed. Copper activates development of a lysyl-oxidase which is important when transforming a collagen and elastin. Copper also has antiinflammatory properties and can relieve a joint pain and ligaments.
• Hyaluronic acid (a hyalrunate, gialuronan) — not sulfonated glikozaminoglikan, being a part of connecting, epithelial and nervous tissues. Is one of the main components of an extracellular matrix, contains in many biological liquids (saliva, synovial fluid, etc.). Takes appreciable part in a proliferation and migration of cells, it can be involved in development of malignant tumors. It is produced by some bacteria (e.g. Streptococcus). The body of the person weighing 70 kg on average contains about 15 grams of hyaluronic acid from which third will be transformed (is split or synthesized) every day.

Low efficiency

Were listed in sections above and practically all modern additives for ligaments, joints and bones which have the proved efficiency at preventive reception are briefly described. In this section we won't frame the infinite list of additives and components which are useless or unfairly expensive. However it is necessary to notice that the majority of plant extracts, additives of animal origin (sea Crustacea, sharks, insects, etc.) are noneffective. Give preference to the checked firms and brands. An optimum source of a collagen is edible gelatin.

Elimination of painful symptoms

Quite often with the medical purpose athletes take aspirin, paracetamol, ketones (ketorol), diclofenac and other anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and an inflammation of joints and ligaments - however "Attention" these agents are capable to eliminate only temporarily disease symptoms, without influencing its current in any way. The listed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs possess a series of serious side effects - a lesion mucous digestive tract, toxicity for a liver and kidneys, change of structure of a blood and ไ๐, "Attention" therefore it is necessary to apply them only in an acute phase of pathological process. Duration of reception shouldn't exceed 1-2 weeks. It is better to give preference to anti-inflammatory drugs which selectively block TsOG-2 - Nimesulid, Tselekoksib. They have smaller number of side effects.

The best additives for joints and ligaments

For obtaining the maximum treatment-and-prophylactic effect, the course has to include:

• Glucosamine sulfate and Chondroitin sulfate
• Collagen - in the form of gelatin on 10 g a day
• Calcium in a bioavailable form and vitamin D - for strengthening of bones
• Metilsulfonilmetan - for elimination of pain

The best complex additives

Now without effort it is possible to allocate several leading products:

• Ice Power Arthro Creme
• Bone Boost from SAN
• Animal Flex from Universal Nutrition
• Gelenk Forte from MAXimum Power

Also, the quite good ratio of the price and quality have additives, however less full-fledged structure:

• Joint Repair from Dymatize
• Joint Support from Performance
• Glucosamine + CSA Super Strength 120 tablets from Optimum Nutrition
• Glucosamine Chondroitin & MSM (ULN) is all the most necessary, at the pleasant price

Treatment-and-prophylactic course

For obtaining the maximum effect, combine one of complex additives with a vitamin and mineral complex, an omega-3 and a collagen. As a source of a collagen edible gelatin shall be use.

On average, the course of reception of additives for ligaments and joints lasts 1-2 months. Optimum frequency of courses is 2-3 times a year. You can find dosages and more exact data on reception in separate articles, and also on packings of products.

Many athletes apply pharmacological agents: courses of anabolic steroids with the Sound board, body height hormone, TB500 peptide, glucocorticosteroids.

General councils

General advice which will help to keep ligaments and joints in a healthy form:

• Observe technology of exercises in order to avoid injuries
• If you have problems with ligaments and joints use safer exercises
• You take a preventive course from complex additive, a collagen and a vitamin and mineral complex
• Don't work with too larger balances
• Don't load joints and ligaments at getting injured to a complete recovery
• Treatment of diseases of ligaments and joints has to be compounded with the doctor

Diosgenin

Diosgenin is vegetable saponin furastonolon type which has structure similar to steroids, however doesn't possess the general with them properties. Diosgenin receive by hydrolysis by acids, the strong bases and enzymes of the saponin extracted from sort Dioscorea plants (wild Holes), for example from Kokoro plant.

Big concentration of a diosgenin are found in the following plants:

• Fenugreek hay
• Dioskorey
• Smilax menispermoidea
• Costus speciosus
• Vida Paris
• Trigonella
• Trillium

Cleared diosgenin (female sex hormone), pregnenolona (female sex hormone) and some other steroid medicines is used in pharmacology for synthesis of a cortisone (catabolic hormone), progesterone. You can try - Complex of cytamins for the endocrine system.

Estimating physiological activity scientists have defined what in an organism diosgenin is used for synthesis of progesterone therefore diosgenin often is a part of oral contraceptives for women. Besides, it has been proved what diosgenin has estrogenic effects therefore it is extremely undesirable to men to accept him.

Diosgenin is a part of an anabolic complex - Viraloid Is careful, charlatanism and fraud!

2.4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)

Dinitrophenol (2.4-Dinitrophenol or abbr. 2,4-DNP, a chemical formula C6H4N2O5) - the chemical which is often used for weight loss is the most powerful burner of fat so far. Dinitrophenol is capable to separate process of oxidizing phosphorylation by transfer of protons through a mitochondrial membrane that leads to fast power consumption without synthesis of molecule ATP. It should be noted that hormones of a thyroid gland (T3 tiroksin) also cause strengthening of oxidizing phosphorylation.

Till 1938 Dinitrophenol was applied as official medical means to weight reduction, however it was forbidden because of development of serious side effects (injury of skin, a cataract, otitis, etc.). Now starts over again gaining popularity thanks to the Chinese producer. Is on sale as herbicide or the regulator of growth of plants.

The purified Dinitrophenol represents crystals of yellowish color sweetish on taste.

Action in a human body

Oxidizing phosphorylation (cellular respiration) is the universal mechanism of formation of energy in a cage and an organism. At the same time fats (and other nutrients) are oxidized or "burn down" in Krebs's cycle to remove protons from a mitochondrion. Thus the electrochemical gradient of protons and electrons is created. In case of an entrance to a proton mitochondrion through ATF-sintetazu 1 molecule ATP which is ready to do anything energy needs of a cage is formed.

Getting to a cell the molecule DNP carries out a role of a proton ionofor which transfers protons to a mitochondrion with emission of heat, passing an ATP synthetase, that is, without formation of ATP. Thus, fats begin to be oxidized in the increased quantity to keep formation of ATP at the necessary level, however the most part of energy is lost on heat.

The organism tries to compensate it, strengthening delivery of oxygen and nutrients to organs that leads to rising of a heat production and rising of arterial pressure, heartbeat acceleration, dyspnea. For a restore of energy consumption there is fast decomposing of fat. The reason for which drug is in such demand among bodybuilders is that it disperses a metabolism as any other of the known drugs. Even in small doses, about 3-5 mg on weight kg, drug are dispersed by a metabolism for 30%. If this dose is applied daily, the metabolism accelerates for 50%. In such regimen the organism burns about 400 g of fat a day. One of the Best drug is - Complex of cytamins for the endocrine system.

Small dosage: headaches, a flaccidity, working capacity dropping, a sweating, giddiness, dyspeptic disorders, temperature increase to 38 ฐC is frequent. Even at intake of 3 — 5 mg/kg the main exchange in the first hour increases for 20 — 30%, the augmentation remains within a day. At repeated receptions of such doses in 10 weeks there occurs sharp weight loss.

High dosage: to the described symptoms the dyspnea and feeling of constraint in breasts, an acceleration of pulse (to 100), syncopes, temperature increase to 39 ฐ increases. Reflexes aren't changed.

Overdosage: fast development of a febricula, delicacy, a respiration zatrudnennost with feeling of constraint in a breast; cyanosis, the speeded-up pulse (120 — 130); strong thirst, plentiful sweat, temperature increase to 40 ฐ, sensation of fear. Mocheotdeleniye scanty. Mydriatic pupils, sometimes cramps, coma. Deaths at the phenomena of a fluid lungs and a brain are known. Danger is enlarged at alcohol intake and high external temperature.

The scheme of reception 2.4 Dinitrophenolums

The dosage of 2-5 mg on 1 kg of body weight (that is the single dosage makes about 200 mg) a day is usually recommended. A lethal dosage of dinitrophenolum 20-50 mg on body weight kg, that is more than tenfold excess are considered.

Lately several cases of a lethal overdosage dinitrofinoly were recorded by young people. As a rule, this drug is accepted by people with unstable mentality, especially neurasthenic girls who have no due satisfaction from a sibutramin, laxatives and diuretics any more.

Side effects of dinitrophenolum

DNP is toxiferous drug, at the same time in scientific work of Warren D. Horner is reported:

• Dinitrofenol causes side effects from the alimentary system (meet very often): nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Hyperthermia (in certain cases serves as a cause of death)
• Damages of a skin (dermatitis, eruption, Quincke's diseases) of 8-23%
• Cataract (mainly at women) 1-2%
• Exudative otitis
• Polyneuritis
• Alopecia
• The side effects bound to a marrow lesion

Types of DNP

At present in the market it is possible to find two types of DNP:

• Powder DNP (Powder DNP). Is net 2.4 Dinitrophenol. Has a formula C6H4N2O5. Is light-white powder with a strong characteristic smell. At present is on sale only to the certified laboratories.
• Crystal DNP (Crystal DNP). Is sodium salt of net DNP, it is said as dinitrophenolat of sodium (Sodium 2,4-dinitrophenolate). Has a formula C6H3N2NaO5. On force of action yields powder almost twice. Has no smell, color acid-yellow. As a rule it is bought in China as cheap fertilizer. 

Dynatrope from Dynamic Development Laboratories

The Dynamic Development Laboratories company was founded in 2003 in the Republic of Mauritius, with the headquarters in Port Louis. Dinatrope is registered as medicine in Russia and is available in drugstores.

On the website it is specified that the company does active business in Asia and Europe, and also cooperates more than with 200 world famous pharmaceutical software producers to the whole world. De facto practically all products are aimed Russia and the CIS.

Products:

• Growth hormone
• CJC-1295 and CJC-1295-DAC
• GHRP-2
• GHRP-6, geksarelin
• Ipamorelin
• Sports food

Hormone of growth Dynatrope

Growth hormone under a brand Dinatrop is made in the form of the white lyophilized powder. Is issued in the form of two packagings (on 25 ampoules in everyone) depending on quantity of the somatropin containing in one ampoule – 1,33 mg which corresponds to 4 Pieces (The international units of substance) and 3,33 mg - 10 Units. You can also like - Complex of cytamins for the visual system.

Authenticity check. On a bottle of a dinatrop there are two protective holograms and one checking sticker under which protective layer there is unique number of medicine which can be checked the official site. In case of verification of number it is specified how many times this number was checked. It is made in order that nobody made counterfeit Dinatrop with stickers with the same number taken from one purchased packaging.

Analogs

• Jintropin (Dzhintropin) from Gensi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China)
• Ansomone (Ansomon) from Anhui Anke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Neotropin (Neotropin) from Neo Laboratories Ltd. (China)
• Getropin (Getropin) from Zhongshan Hygene Biopharm Co. (China)
• Kigtropin (Kigtropin) from Kigtropin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Genotropin (Genotropin) from Pharmacia & Upjohn AB (Sweden)
• Saizen (Sayzen) from Serono (Switzerland, Belgium)
• Humatrope (Humatrop) from Eli Lilly and Lilly France (France)
• Norditropin (Norditropin) from Novo Nordisk (Denmark)
• To Blue Tops (Bl Tops) from Shanghai KeFei United BioTech Co., Ltd. (China)
• Hygetropin from Zhongshan Hygene Biopharm Co (China)

Design steroids

Design steroids are anabolic steroids which are made by firms manufacturers of sports food, mainly, for the only purpose - to bypass the law. Modifying formulas of the known anabolic steroids, making sometimes absolutely minor changes, sometimes even the worsening properties of medicine, the firm receives a new formula which isn't forbidden by the law now. Therefore design steroids are so widespread lately. Please pay attention to - Complex of cytamins for the men's health.

The most popular design steroids

• Superdrol
• Trenbolone
• Methyl-1-Test
• 3-AD
• Oral-Turinabol
• Pheravol-V
• Trenavol-V
• Epivol-V
• Testosterone-OH

Dietary additives and their role in increase in physical working capacity

General characteristic, classification and recommendations about use of the dietary additives used in practice of sports preparation

Dietary additives to food (DD) iscomposition natural (or identical natural) biologically active agents intended for direct acceptance with food or introductions in structure of foodstuff for the purpose of enrichment of a diet separate food or biologically active agents and their complexes. They represent means of a vegetable, animal and mineral origin which improve sportswear, increase a physical force, endurance, concentration of attention and working capacity, working in an organism is softer, than medicines and having much less than by-effects. Thus, in sport it is about ergogenny influence of DD and need of their use as the supplementing or intermediate means between pharmacological medicines and ergogen.

Read also:

• Sports food and additives for growth of muscles
• Sports food and additives for combustion of fat

DD applied in modern sports practice are issued by foreign and domestic manufacturers. When using such additives it is necessary to consider that most of them is almost not studied within the commonly accepted rules of sports and medical researches (from thousands of registered dietary additives are approved, according to all requirements of sports medicine, only units). It is necessary to distinguish the Vansiton and Energomaks lines which proved from a positive side from domestic goods of sports food.

Researches of the last decades convincingly confirm that application of means of doping nature in case of superintensive physical activities is followed by the numerous side effects described by many authors. It became the reason of search of the new biologically active agents having tire-tread effect on various bodies in case of such loadings and also approaches to their combination with already known medicines influencing sports working capacity.

Such substances and compoundings (mono- and multicomponent) will most often be certified not as pharmacological medicines, and as dietary additives. They are developed and made by numerous firms (in the beginning — mainly American, and subsequently — and European, including Ukrainian). In recent years production of dietary additives of sports appointment grows at very high rates. So, from 1994 to 1998 production of such additives (in one million a dale. The USA) grew with 900 to 1420, and all 29 Ltd companies of dietary additives are presented at the market of this country. World leaders in production of sports DD are the USA, Germany, Italy, Russia, China.

In spite of the fact that make dietary additives of sports appointment mainly of the entity not of the pharmaceutical, but food industry (and it is more specific oriented to production of sports food), the advanced producers of sports food implemented the latest technologies developed by the leading pharmaceutical firms. First of all, it is the nanodisperse and micellar technologies providing the most effective transport of active components, and also their high bioavailability and efficiency of impact on certain fabrics and systems of an organism.

One more direction of researches is a search and matching of the combinations and mixes entering dietary additives for achievement of the greatest effect of each ingredient and receipt of effect of synergysm. One very successful combination — ZMA (zinc + magnesium acetate + B6 vitamin) made for the American producers multimillion profit and is in demand to this day.

As it was already specified, DD are intermediate between medicines and food. If to consider many DD from the point of view of the issued dosage forms (tablets, powders, capsules, syrups, extracts, infusions), they can be carried to medicines. But the fact that it is possible to purchase them not only in a drugstore, but also in specialized departments of shops forces to think that DD is at the same time food of a new sample and modern times. They are divided into two groups:

• Nutrition representing the substances necessary for an organism which are its main components — vitamins or their predecessors, macro - and minerals, polynonsaturated fatty acids, irreplaceable amino acids, mono - and the bioses, food fibers applied to correction of the chemical composition of food. Are made by Nutritsevtiki with use of food, but not pharmaceutical technologies. If to speak about the nutrition, specially intended for sports food, it is possible to give creatine as a typical example;
• Parapharmaceutics (parapharmaceutical medicines) to which biologically active agents having a certain pharmacological activity and which are applied to prevention, auxiliary therapy and maintenance of functional activity of separate systems of an organism belong. These are bioflavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponina, organic acids, essential oils, polysaccharides. Of course, DD of this group are similar to medicines. In production of such substances pharmaceutical technologies are already used.

If to speak about general differences of DD from food and drugs, it is necessary to allocate such moments.

Distinguishes from DD food:

content of elements necessary for the person in DD is strictly controlled, it is specified in instructions and leaves inserts and doesn't change in case of storage. If to speak about natural food, often we just don't know how many these or those useful substances contain in them. Besides, the amount of these substances can change considerably depending on terms or storage conditions;

the ratio of biologically active elements in DD is strictly calculated and brought into accord with requirements of an organism that can't be told, for example, about foodstuff.

At the same time differences of DD from drugs are:

• harmlessness of DD for an organism, overdose is impracticable, there are no side effects in comparison with synthetic drugs;
• slower, but more long, than at drugs, nature of impact;
• often higher appeal to the patient owing to bigger trust to natural products; use, generally with the preventive purpose, doesn't cancel drugs, but considerably reduces the number of their application.

It is necessary to recognize that the relation of doctors to DD is ambiguous owing to many objective reasons among of which the main is insufficient illumination of clinical efficiency of this group of nutrients which often on intensity of influence don't yield to pharmacological medicines. However, considering growth of medicamentous loading, increase in frequency of allergic and medicinal complications, DD are especially necessary for application for the people living in adverse conditions of the environment, in case of reduced resistance of an organism, in the presence of chronic diseases, and also to the persons working and a long time staying in extreme conditions. Athletes constitute special category of consumers for whom DD as in case of sports activities all listed negative factors of impact on an organism are often combined are necessary.

In practice of sports preparation dietary additives can be useful in the following situations:

• for optimization of proteins activity at the expense of carbohydrates and fats. Rising of anaerobic energy is reached by means of polymers of a glucose, Inosin, products of beekeeping, vitamin B, Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin injection. Rising of aerobic energy is reached by use of a L-carnitine, acetyl - L - a carnitine, a coenzyme of Ql0, oktakonazol, adaptogens;
• for correction of caloric content of a diet in different types of sport (power products, sports drinks, macro - and trace substances, water and other components);
• for change of body weight as towards augmentation (creatine, it is lame pikolinat, glycine, asparagine, ornithine, skim milk, amino acids, glutamin, creatine monohydrate, Inosinum, etc.), and towards depression (L-carnitine, bromelain, r-gidroksi-r-metilbutirat, highly qualitative drinks replacing a delivery with the balanced contents micro and macrocells, albuminous drinks with the low content of fat, chrome pikolinat, choline, inositol, methionine, etc.). At the same time the optimum level of weight is reached without depression of physical efficiency of athletes;
• for a regulation of body weight of the athlete due to purposeful decrease of amount of fat which existence is proved by anthropometric measurements, but not waters (a L-arginine, a L-ornithine, the RNA complex, etc.);
• for replacement therapy at a functional failure of amino acids and proteins (including immunoglobulins, components of a complement, transport proteins, actin and myosin, hormones of peptide structure and other important albuminous biomacromolecules);
• for acceleration of process of restoration after extreme exercise and mental stresses;
• for correction of free radical oxidation in the athlete's organism for maintenance of working capacity at optimum level (vitamins C, E, A, natural R-Carotinum, a selenium, vegetable Phenolum the containing antioxidants, bioflavonoids, hydrobionts and others).

In case of purpose of DD, as well as medicines, it is necessary to consider sports specialization and qualification, the period (stage) of sports preparation, level of physical activities, individual sensitivity, gender and age of the athlete.

When using dietary additives it is necessary to remember that most of them are almost not studied within the commonly accepted rules of sports and medical researches (only the few from tens of thousands of DD registered in the world are completely approved according to all requirements of sports medicine and pharmacological standards).

Therefore in case of appointment of this group of means it is reasonable to talk about the specific DD recommended based on positive results of the bench testing which are carried out by the rules stated in chapter 1 of this book, and proved in practice of sports preparation. Such it is necessary to distinguish DD of the Vansiton and Energomaks lines which showed high ergogenny effect from domestic goods and therefore enjoying deserved popularity at athletes.

Some DD contain the forbidden (doping) substances amphetamines, anabolic steroids, diuretics, etc., and not always availability of such components is officially declared by the producer and it is specified on the label. With respect thereto recently cases of the international "doping scandals" with athletes of high qualification accepting such DD and trying to prove the non-participation in conscious acceptance of dopes, but most often, unfortunately, unsuccessfully became frequent. From this it follows that availability of the conclusion about the actual efficiency of DD and the anti-doping certificate for each specific series of medicine is absolutely necessary condition in order that the doctor could recommend it and apply the athlete. Doctors, trainers, sports functionaries and athletes shall remember it.

Everything DD of a sports orientation can be divided on mono - and multicomponent. Identification of a role of various connections in a metabolism and energy when performing loadings of various character and in the course of restoration after them allowed specialists in sports food to develop in the beginning various monocomponent additives which effect is most easily controlled and regulated by a ratio "dose/effect". The comparative characteristic of some monocomponent dietary additives to sports food is presented in table 2.26.

However single components as a part of monoadditives most often don't provide high degree of the necessary effect in this connection they should be combined for mutual addition and strengthening of action (synergysm). The final effect reached at the same time forms "vector" of action of the corresponding multicomponent DD. Use of various, but well balanced structures acting on one vector provides comparable degree of final effect.

For example, accumulation of muscle bulk can be reached due to use of amino-acid complexes, hydrolyzates of various whites (egg, soy, whey, light meat of a turkey), anabolic factors and hormones. Each of these directions of effect of dietary additives will also define a peculiar vector of application (the summary characteristic is presented in tab. 2.27).

For complex DD manifestation of several vectors of action is noted, as a rule, that creates a range of their biological activity. The analysis of application shows that dietary additives to sports food can render both rather narrow, and broadest action on an organism. DD of Universal, Pro Lab, BSN, "Biomedica Foscama", EAS, San, TwinLab, MuscIeTech, Optimum Nutrition can be carried to number of the most universal.

In Russia the leader of high-quality products acknowledged the Factory of Health line (Moscow), DD of this line showed presence of the expressed ergogenny effect and increase of fitness at athletes of different specializations. In Ukraine in a scope of DD of sports appointment the Vansiton lines are in the lead (producer LLC Delmas (Kiev) and "Energomaks" (LLC Biotek, Kiev).

Now it is considered that products of BSN are the least counterfeited. On a ratio price/quality the most optimum DD of this firm are THERMONEX, NO-Xplode, CELL-MASS, SYNTHA-6, TRUE-MASS, LDP Lean Dessert Protein.

Doctors, trainers and athletes shall require the documents which are confirming officially the actual efficiency of DD, the anti-doping certificate, the certificate of conformity and other allowing documents according to the legislation of Ukraine. Further characteristics of some DD which aren't containing doping components which efficiency of application in sport is scientifically proved are provided.

How to train during the course

During the course it is necessary to train in BIGGER loading. I.e. you have to increase the number of approaches in each exercise, and there can be also a number of exercises. Your task: GRADUAL INCREASE in KPSh FOR the TRAINING!

NRB (number of bar rising) is a term from weightlifting. He shows the general tonnage of the lifted weight for a training.

Let's allow you did to a course on a back THREE EXERCISES (pullings up, draft of a bar, draft of a dumbbell). In each exercise you had 4 working approaches on 8 repetitions. We multiply the number of exercises (3) on the number of approaches (4) and by the number of repetitions (8) for this purpose to learn KPSh (volume) of training. 3ี4ี8=96.

When you sit down on a course of steroids, your recovery opportunities seriously increase and you can and therefore have to train more, for this purpose to receive more result from a course. The first that you have to make, it gradually to increase KPSh.

I usually add to the first two weeks of a course on one approach in each exercise. I.e. to a course did 4, and after the beginning of a course I do 5 approaches. In our example it would turn in 120 KPSh (3ี5ี8). I.e. was 96, and on a course already 120!!! Loading volume, as you can see, has significantly increased.

In the middle of a course, depending on health, I can add one more in addition exercise on each group. In ours an example I do 3 exercises on a back to a course. And in a month after its beginning I would add the 4th (for example draft of the top block) and then KPSh = 160!!! (4ี5ี8). To course there were 96..... at the beginning of a course there were 120.... and now (in dive) whole 160! You can also like - Complex of cytamins for the men's health.

If to throw here one more additional repetition in each approach, then KPSh becomes equal 180! And it is already almost twice more, than to a course. If you manage to contain this volume of loading at the same time of a training, as prior to the beginning of a course. It will mean that your intensity has increased TWICE!!! And if at you also weight have increased during a course (and they increase always and very seriously), then intensity can increase THREE TIMES!!! Now you understand what steroids give? They give the chance to train many times more intensively and in as much time accelerate growth of muscles and power working capacity (pay attention, I haven't written force though it is too. I have written to power working capacity because it is more important for body builders).

The body building essence as physical activity (but not her consequences - muscles), is POWER RABOTOSPOSPOSOBNOST, i.e. ability to carry out the big volume of work (to do many KPSh with heavy scales and rest between approaches). This loading raises big muscles. Therefore this loading needs to be increased if you want to see growth of the muscles.

But it is necessary to do it very carefully and very correctly. If you awake NOT CAREFULLY (quickly) to increase loading volume, then it can become too big for your recovery opportunities even on steroids. Then your growth will stop and you will get to an overtraining. Here, by the way, why those who have learned to grow without steroids ALWAYS show good result with them. Their recovery opportunities are better trained and they feel better "side" for which it isn't necessary to climb.

That is why, schemes of trainings which publish in magazines will approach ONLY for the Top of professionals who trained decades the power working capacity. If the fan begins to repeat such scheme, then at him nothing will turn out. Even if he on steroids. Smoothly raise KPSh! For a start it is rather simple to add one working approach in each exercise. And that’s all!

If you rise loading NOT CORRECTLY (i.e. without duration of time of the training), then your progress will be weak because intensity won't increase. The matter is that loading (intensity) depends not only about KPSh, but also on training TIME! If you have increased KPSh exactly TWICE, but at the same time duration of your training has increased TWICE too, then it means that intensity hasn't exchanged.

It is very important to consider time (training duration). Always try to reduce slightly time between approaches (an ideal = 30-60 sec.), but not to increase it. You not powerlifter! You train not the power power (force), but power working capacity (big muscles)! Therefore any talk and sit-round gathering on exercise machines. Only silent work!

The main recommendations about trainings during the course:

• It is more KPSh (to increase work volume)
• It is less rest (to reduce slightly rest between approaches)

I won't paint in detail the practical scheme because it at all individual. If you don't know what to begin with, then take just my scheme Do Otkazu Base and add in each exercise on one working approach. Here you also receive the initial scheme of trainings on steroids.

How to eat during the course

It is obvious to any reasonable person that can be CONSUMED food on a rate of anabolic steroids and is necessary more because your metabolism is accelerated. You are quicker recovered between trainings, your muscles grow quicker and it means to you additional are necessary:

KCAL from CARBOHYDRATES as energy (basic exchange + a heavy consumption at a training and for needs of recovery

PROTEIN (protein) as a construction material for new structures (muscles)

The training starts only a possibility of future growth. And IMPLEMENTATION of the GROWTH of MUSCLES FOR 100% DEPENDS ON the MODE!!!! Yes, anabolic steroids accelerate and increase process of this implementation. BUT without carbohydrates as energy (kcal) and without proteins as a construction material progress won't be possible.

YOU shall eat MORE, than usually.

I already in detail painted the plan of an effective diet in "the men's scheme". On chemistry this plan approximately looks so:

PLAN of FOOD per day:

• MORNING: 1 glass of water or juice
• BREAKFAST: Oat-flakes
• 2nd BREAKFAST: 100 ใ๐. rice + 100 ใ๐. chickens + vegetables
• LUNCH: 50 ใ๐. rice + 100 ใ๐. chickens + vegetables
• AFTERNOON SNACK: 50 ใ๐. rice + 4 eggs
• Before TR-KOY: isolate of white or egg
• After TR-KI: simple coals + amines or eggs
• DINNER: 100 ใ๐ rice + 200 ใ๐. chickens + 2 eggs + vegetables + Creatine
• 2nd DINNER: 100 ใ๐. chickens + 3 eggs + vegetables

FOR the NIGHT: Cottage cheese or protein

In this food we eat more protein (reception of chicken and eggs is increased), than in the standard scheme without steroids. In principle, it is the initial point. If you use steroids for a set of muscle bulk, then is it is impossible less. It is possible more! Be not afraid to eat white more than 2 g on weight kg. It won't be worse from it. EXCESS WHITE will come out in a toilet bowl if that. And here if you receive less NECESSARY AMOUNT of WHITE, then growth will slow down.

On an anabolic course, the need for a protein significantly increase. There are people who eat also 4 gr. squirrel. There is such situation that it is better to receive surplus, than a shortcoming.

I will note the most important features of your food and mode of recovery on a rate of anabolic steroids.

Increase in caloric content of food (excess of energy for growth and trainings is necessary)

Increase in amount of protein to 2.5-3 g on kg (it is necessary swore for a construction of muscles)

Decrease in amount of fat in food (that growth was at the expense of muscles, but not fat)

Fractional food: We eat often, small portions (to accelerate a metabolism and growth)

We eat carbohydrates more in the morning, it is less in evening.

We eat proteins more in the evening, it is less in morning.

After the training we eat simple carbohydrates + fast proteins (sweet + amino acids)

Big meal only in 30-60 min. after the training (that blood already returned to a stomach from muscles)

How to select products? We need products with low content of fat and with high content of either protein, or complex carbohydrates. For this purpose, to be determined more specifically, it is possible to use the TABLE BZhU + Kcal