Testosterone boosters

Testosterone boosters are sports food and additives which are applied for the purpose of stimulation of muscle growth, increase in force and libido, and also prevention of men's climax and correction of level of sex hormones. The effect the testosterone boosters are caused by their capability to increase products of natural testosterone. Most often testosterone boosters are issued in the form of sports food or dietary supplements which can be purchased freely without recipe in shops of sports food and drugstores.

A part of boosters are usually natural and vegetable components, vitamins and, seldom, synthetic substances which according to the statement of producers possess a capability to increase testosterone level. However, justification and evidential base of many testosterone boosters remains under doubt, other boosters (for example widely known ZMA complexes) are already acknowledged absolutely inefficient though they continue to be on sale and used in bodybuilding.

For whom testosterone boosters are intended

Boosters of testosterone are used usually by men who seek to increase dry muscle bulk. These additives aren't recommended to be applied aged 20 years, and according to some information 23 are younger. It is connected with the fact that the young organism has extremely unstable hormonal system; in particular it concerns also sex hormones. Use of boosters at young age, can break this unstable system of hormonal exchange. Besides young people have the natural increased testosterone level and therefore don't need additional stimulation. Besides, reception of similar additives isn't recommended to girls in connection with development of masculinization.

Boosters find rational application for people also even 40 years when the natural level of testosterone decreases in connection with age, in this case their reception are more senior 30 not only favorably affects muscle growth, but also strengthens a potentiality and a libido.

Besides, testosterone boosters perfectly are suitable for PCT. After a cycle of steroid hormones or pro-hormones it is desirable to spend on drink 4 weeks of the booster on the basis of Tribulus terrestis. The booster allows to level the side effects connected with cancellation of steroid hormones and to support testosterone level, thereby preventing destruction of muscles or a so-called phenomenon of "kickback".

Remember that boosters affect only time of their reception, and after cancellation all effects disappear. Decrease in muscle bulk, though not such expressed as at the use of steroids is possible.

Known boosters of testosterone

"Attention" Many anabolic complexes and boosters contain more than ten components, however the majority of components don't exert impact on testosterone level. Their presence can be explained only as the advertizing course. The short description of the most widespread means is given below:

• Aromataza inhibitors

Highly effective and safe class of medicines. According to a research one tablet of Letrozole (2,5 mg) can increase within a month testosterone level approximately by 50% if to accept it in parts (on 0,02 mg). Higher dosages lead to considerable strengthening of effect. Besides, the level of estrogen decreases.

• Tamoxifenum

It was proved that Tamoxifenum (Nolvadexum) when using within 10 days on 20 mg a day enlarges concentration of Testosterone in Serum by 142% of initial level.

• Vitamin D (Holekaltsiferol)

In researches correlation between the level of vitamin D and testosterone was taped.

• 6-OXO

New synthetic substance which is capable to prevent conversion of testosterone in estrogens, thereby enlarging concentration of the first. There are no researches confirming influence 4-androstene-3.6.17-trione on muscle growth.

• D-asparagin acid

D-isomer of asparagin amino acid which naturally interacts with certain sites of hypophysis, increasing testosterone secretion. Efficiency is doubtful.

• Forskolin

The substance received from Coleus forskohlii plant very often is included boosters. Has the proved efficiency. Lack of evidential base (apart from several small researches which results contradict each other). Lack of positive reviews from the athletes accepting additive. Obvious exaggeration of properties of forskolin in descriptions of means: combustion of fat, increase in muscle bulk, concentration change directly several hormones, and all this against the background of lack of side effects. Perhaps, additive makes moderate positive impact on structure of a body. Perhaps, it will strengthen action of other means if you accept them in a combination. However there are no reliable clinical proofs of efficiency of forskolin.

• Agmatin

Rather new booster of nitrogen oxide which is in addition capable to stimulate secretion of own gonadotrophin and gonadoliberin. Agmatin sulfate is agonist the imidazolin receptors. Possesses nootropic action.

• ·ribulus terrestris

The most popular component the testosterone boosters, has the strongest evidential base. Now to get him in shops of sports food it is problematic as Tribulus has been carried to drugs, and is withdrawn from free sale in shops of sports food (drugs only drugstores can trade), however some shops still continue to sell it.

• ZMA

Quite popular complex, is recognized as completely inefficient. Practically has no side effects.

• Fenugreek hay (Trigonella)

Plant extract with active agent trigonelliny. Has antiaromataz activity, however in researches in public didn't render influence on the level of androgens and sports results.

• Poppy the Peruvian

Extract is applied as aphrodisiac. Doesn't render influences on the level of sex hormones and anabolism.

• Pine forest

It is inefficient.

The mode of acceptance

The mode of acceptance depends on the specific producer. However most often boosters are accepted from 1 to 3 times a day right after food. The average duration of a cycle is 4 weeks. It is recommended to combine with physical activity. You can also like Testalamin.

Side effects

Abuse by all means which influence the level of testosterone is fraught with dangerous complications. Testosterone boosters leads long-term use to decline in the ability of an organism to develop enough testosterone independently as he gets used to fixed acceptance of additive. Thus, after the end of acceptance in an organism enough sex hormones isn't made that leads to considerable losses of muscle bulk, depression, impotence and other problems.

During acceptance very seldom there are following side effects: aggression and irritability, acne, fluctuations of arterial pressure. Extremely seldom: loss of hair, ginekomastiya, feminization, decrease in secretion of testosterone, atrophy of testicles.

If to accept additive in the established doses and during the admissible period of time, then side effects practically don't meet, however and the considerable effect concerning increase in muscle bulk isn't observed.

Don't accept testosterone boosters at heart diseases, the increased arterial pressure, a renal failure. At implication of some side effects stop additive reception. Practically all side effects are completely reversible after cancellation.

Combination and combination

For good effect testosterone boosters should be combined with the correct high-caloric diet, systematic power trainings and an additional sports delivery. From a sports delivery possess good exponential action and optimum compatibility with testosterone boosters:

Protein - to strengthen muscle growth 2-3 g of protein on kilogram of body weight are necessary.

Creatine - 3-5 g to accept inside once a day. Also excellent option creatine with transport system.

The vitamin and mineral complex - for active body height of muscles is required sufficient entering of vitamins and other irreplaceable substances.

It is the minimum list of sports additives which are shown to joint reception with boosters, besides it is possible to use at the same time BCAA, amino-acid complexes, reducers, adaptogens and other additives.

It isn't recommended to use testosterone boosters with pro-hormones, steroid hormones, it is impossible to combine 2 boosters.

Test 400

Test 400 is one of the most high-concentrated androgens made by Denkall corporation. Analog ofsustanon and omnadren.

Contains 400 mg of mix of air of testosterone in one milliliter:

• 25 mg of testosterone of propionate
• 187 mg of testosterone of tsipionat
• 188 mg of testosterone of enantat

The test 400 differs in the expressed morbidity of injections since for dissolution of such amount of active ingredient in oil experts had to use huge amount of benzyl alcohol. Therefore use of this medicine is followed not by the most pleasant feelings in the place of an injection. You can try Epifamin.

The test 400 is actively used in bodybuilding and power lifting, it is an irreplaceable component of pharm complex of many professional athletes who are forced to pour in themselves every day in a large amount of buttered solutions.

Not absolutely it is clear why it was necessary to connect in one medicine tsipionat and enantat which in fact are almost same air. But probably for creators of the Test 400 the difference in length of a radio chain on one molecule seemed basic distinction and serious the basis for creation of it.

Thermogenics

Thermogenics (Thermogenic Fat Burners, is also sometimes said as thermogenics) are fat burners which action is based, mainly, on increase in heat production. As a rule, all thermogenics accelerate metabolism, activate activities of the central nervous system and suppress appetite.

Thermogenics are one of the most sold types of sports food, by estimates of Nutrition Business Journal, residents of the USA spend annually about 19 million dollars on thermogenics, in too time the number of people of patients with obesity and many who uses fat burners constantly grows in this country don't receive desirable results. Partly the problem is that now the market of sports food is crowded with products which are absolutely inefficient. According to the experts, only 10% of thermogenics contain working components, all the rest doesn't influence structure of a body in any way. In this article we will try to characterize objectively thermogenics as a class of sports food and we will give advice how to choose fat burners who will meet the necessary requirements. Besides, for receipt of good results it is necessary to accept fat burners correctly.

How to choose fat burners

To choose a fat burner who differs in outstanding performance and safety to you it is necessary to pay attention to the following characteristics:

• Try to choose a brand fat burner from an authoritative brand. If you purchase additive at the individual, that is big risk of a counterfeit. Some little-known producers issue thermogenics whose structure doesn't correspond to what is written on packaging.
• Structure is analyse composition of additive. Often fat burners consist of low-active or absolutely inactive components. Estimate doses of components, they shall be sufficient.
• Feedbacks - read forums and comments to products on independent resources. Feedbacks of people can give a lot of useful information, necessary to choose the best fat burners.
• Researches - as a rule, all effective fat burners have sufficient research base.

Using only these recommendations, you will be able correctly to choose fat burners who will allow you to achieve the objectives.

How to accept fat burners

Experts don't recommend accepting fat burners during the long period of time as at an organism tolerance is developed, and efficiency of additive significantly decreases. Besides, if lonely to accept fat burners there can be an overload of cardiovascular system, the risk of other side effects increases.

As it is correct to accept fat burners:

On average the course of fat burners lasts 1 month then it is necessary to take break one-two weeks, then it is possible to resume reception.

Don't exceed the recommended dosages. Thermogenics can be hazardous to health in high doses. Please pay attention to Epifamin.

Fat burners should accept 2-3 times a day to keep constantly high concentration in a blood. Observe references of the producer.

It isn't necessary to accept fat burners in the evening as it can cause sleeplessness.

The most suitable time for reception of fat burners in the morning and before a training. Using thermogenics at this time, you can burn the maximum number of calories.

Side effects

Safety of fat burners is defined by its structure and quality. Can present to Thermogenics harm for health, you shouldn't use them if is available:

• Arterial hypertension
• Coronary heart disease
• Arrhythmias and other heart diseases
• Diseases of a thyroid gland which are followed by a hyperthyroidism
• Some diseases of digestive tract
• Renal failure
• Liver failure

If you have at least one disease from the above-mentioned list, then you need consultation of the expert precisely to define whether you can accept fat burners. Otherwise there can be side effects hazardous to health and even lives.

Thermogenics is most often caused by the following side effects:

• Tachycardia (heartbeat acceleration)
• Rising of arterial pressure
• Excitement and irritability
• Shiver
• Sweating
• Sleeplessness
• Nausea
• Heartburn

Digestion disturbance (diarrhea, meteorism)

Only some side effects are listed in this list, less often thermogenics k can cause and other side effects. "Attention" Practice shows that at the correct use and lack of contraindications the course of fat burner doesn't represent harm for health. Almost all side effects have reversible character, as a rule they arise in 1-3 hours after the first reception.

"Attention" If you had any side effects are lowers a drug dosage, or completely cancel reception.

Taurine

Taurine is 2-aminoetansulfonovy acid, in small amounts is present at tissues and bile of animals, including the person. It is used as medicine (MNN Taurine; Taufon — Taufonum), is a part of many energy drinks and sports additives.

The name comes from armor. taurus (bull) as it was for the first time received from bull bile by the German scientists Friedrich Tideman and Leopold Gmelin.

Recently it is established that in a brain the taurine plays a role of the neuron mediator amino acid which is slowing down synoptic transfer has anticonvulsant activity, has also cardio trophy effect. Taurine promotes improvement of power processes, stimulates reparative processes at the dystrophic diseases and processes which are followed by appreciable disturbance of a metabolism of tissues of an eye. Being sulfur-containing amino acid, the taurine contributes to normalization of function of cellular membranes, improvement of metabolic processes.

Taurine in energy drinks

Taurine contains in many power engineering specialists, the average dose makes 200 - 400 mg. - on 100 grams of the power engineering specialist. Such dose doesn't render any physiological effect, however assumed that the taurine synergetical works with coffeine and other stimulators. But the research published in 2008 showed that that quantity of taurine which is used in drinks doesn't cause side effects, however and intensifying of the stimulating effect wasn't noticed too.

Taurine in sports delivery

In a sports delivery add the same quantities of taurine from what it is possible to assume that it has no the appreciable stimulating effect.

There is an opinion that the taurine prevents an obesity. But data that it promotes weight loss - No.

Also it was established that the taurine is necessary for normal functioning of sceletal muscles. The research was conducted on mice with genetic deficiency of taurine. Nevertheless, additional reception of a taurine at healthy animals didn't give statistically significant gain of muscle bulk.

It is proved that taurine promotes depression of level of Saccharum in a blood therefore it is useful to people of patients with a diabetes mellitus.

Also the taurine, according to some information, is a stimulator of production of hormone of body height and a potent antioxidant, partly preventing injuries of the copular and joint device.

Conclusion

Taurine which is a part of a sports delivery can be considered a useless component. The exception is made by the people sick with a diabetes mellitus.

Anti-conclusion

Taurine not only useless component in a sports delivery, and it is extremely necessary for maintenance of a normal metabolism. About it it is possible to esteem with scientific references to primary sources here. Taurine is a natural product of exchange the serusoderzhashchikh of amino acids. The optimum (necessary) quantity it has to arrive with a nutrition as at the person synthesis of this substance is limited.

Deficiency of taurine in cells, any organ, adversely affects its state. So, loss of taurine retina half leads to an irreversible blindness, heart cells to cardio myopathy, white blood cells to disturbance of their interaction with an endothelium of vessels, to augmentation of undesirable inflammatory reactions, and also to immunity change. It is known that the taurine influences fatty and carbohydrate metabolism (13-19), a role of this substance in a metabolism exclusive. This sulfoamino acid has no replacement. Strikes also that the taurine not only has no toxic effects at its consumption a per of wasps, but also eliminates side effect of many drugs and xenobiotics. The transport system transferring a taurine to a cell of any organ and a taurine exit from a cell never leads to an overload, i.e. excess content of this sulfonic acid. It is confirmed by researches immediately in public – volunteers athletes. Within seven days volunteers accepted a taurine that brought to 13 to multiple rise in its concentration in plasma; contents in muscles didn't change neither at rest, nor at physical exercises .

Taurine protects muscles from dystrophia

On culture of cells is shown that taurine eliminates the dystrophic of muscles caused by dexamethasone. At the same time addition to culture of cells of the taurine didn't cause change of a phenotype of cells, i.e. the taurine has no hypotrophic effect. The question of the mechanism of such action remains open so far. It is known that Dexamethasone promotes a miodistofiya through a factor of atrogin-1 and enzyme (MAFbx a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase). The taurine didn't influence a signal of Dexamethazonum (dexamethasone) which is mediated atrodzhinom-1 (atrogin-1).

Taurine and angenesis

It is shown that those muscles which contained not enough taurine found low regeneration ability. In the following work protective action of taurine at exercise stresses is shown. Researches were conducted on young people (18-20 years). Level of an oxidizing stress on production of thiobarbituric acid and damage of DNA to white blood cells was estimated. Addition of taurine to a delivery within 7 days not only reduced oxidizing damage of DNA to white blood cells. Addition of taurine to a delivery within 7 days not only reduced oxidizing damage of DNA, but also enlarged tolerance to exercise stresses.

Taurine at injuries

At serious injuries (surgical interventions, fractures) concentration of taurine in plasma at first is enlarged at the expense of its exit from cells of internals, and then falls. It is necessary to add a taurine as he helps to cope with consequences of an ischemic state to therapy by such patient, influencing immediately oxidation and protecting cells of immune system, and also hepatocytes.

Taurine should be filled after an exercise stress

Taurine exit from cells of muscles, hearts, a liver is, etc. enlarged at exercise stresses, a stress, radio radiation, a trauma, surgeries, an ischemia. A significant amount of taurine is brought out of an organism through kidneys. At already mentioned influences taurine leaves cells of internals and its concentration in plasma and, respectively, increases in urine, and then begins to fall. Changes of maintenance of taurine in urine and plasma were estimated at the runners competing in Rotterdam on a marathon in 1998 right after the competitions and in 24 hours during restoration. Muscles were taurine augmentation source in urine as researchers assume, generally. At those athletes who weren't restored after long loads recorded low concentration of taurine in urine. Authors suggest to estimate process of after treatment on taurine as to the indicator of muscular damage.

As the taurine is the main osmoregulyator, its concentration in extracellular space was strongly enlarged. Such loss of taurine a cell conducts to its swelling and decrease of availability of a glucose as in parallel with it some insulin resistance is observed. Authors consider that taurine can play an important protective role from pathological disturbance of ionic concentration that is observed at a metabolic cellular stress.

Studying of influence of a single dose of 1000 mg of taurine on the maximum endurance of runners on a 3-kilometer race for a while was the purpose of the next research. Reception of taurine it is appreciable to improve productivity (646.6 ± 52.8 with and 658.5 ± 58.2 c) (đ = 0.013), the effect made 1,7% (range of 0.34-4.24%).

Influence on relative consumption of oxygen, heart rate and Sodium lactatum of a blood wasn't revealed.

Antistress action of taurine

Stress in normal reaction of an organism, but its action can be blasting if it is about over reactions which often depend on a nervous system of the person and on a concrete situation. Allocation of a large amount of adrenaline leads to attrition of power stocks (fats, a glycogen) and an internal injury. Taurine possesses antistress action. It was shown both on a brain by the Japanese scientists, and on a myocardium the Russian researchers. As a matter of fact, the trauma is also a stress for an organism. It appears, it leads to appreciable loss of taurine and finally to falling of its concentration in a blood plasma almost half. Our own unpublished data show that Dibikor's use for athletes with disturbances of a rhythm of heart after long stayer loads contributes to normalization of a rhythm. At athletes with superactivity a sympathetic nervous system Dibikor can be useful as antistress drug. Dibikor's dose for the sports purposes shouldn't exceed the usual doses recommended for this drug, i.e. no more than 1-2 ăđ. in day.

In the researches Branth S. and Hambraeus L. et al. studied energy balance at a long seven-hour training of 12 athletes cyclists (6 men and 6 women). Such intense training leads to an appreciable metabolic stress, in particular to augmentation of active forms of oxygen. The last was recorded on augmentation of a low-new dialdehyde (WELL). Considerably in parallel with it stocks of a glycogen were exhausted and the cellular edema was enlarged.

Pharmacokinetics

In the double blind randomized researches executed on physically healthy 9 men it was shown that at reception of taurine (50 mg/kg) the peak of its concentration in plasma is at rest observed by 89th minute, and at reception before an hourly load - by 112th minute.

Ekaterinburg branch of Uralgu of physical culture studied quantitative change of amino acids in plasma of athletes. There is an average value of taurine at the young people who aren't playing sports makes 145,6 microns, athletes – sprinters have 48,9 microns (p <0,01), at fighters the maintenance of taurine in blood made 216,4 microns. The blood sampling condition isn't specified in work. High concentration at weight-lifters – can reflect very fast removal of taurine from intracellular depots and ascending in plasma. Low concentration of taurine at sprinters I demonstrate losses of taurine and can lead to arrhythmias.

Introduction of a taurine showed to experimental animals that this amino acid considerably enlarges physical endurance and increases working capacity at a load on the tredmil that also 3 methylhistidinums are recorded on change of removal of creatinine, creatine. Also on animals at a spine injury the anti-inflammatory effect of taurine (250 mg/kg) on concentration decrease interlekina-6 and activities of a myeloperoxidase is found.

Experimental data

Restoration of level of taurine in muscles isn't for athletes the only purpose at its strengthened removal. We want to emphasize that taurine is extremely necessary for a liver, heart, a retina, blood cells and the central nervous system.

Sfingolipids

Sfingolipids is the main structural components of cellular membranes; the myelin is especially rich with sfingolipids. In a structure of a sfingolipids are similar to phospholipids, but their hydrophilic skeleton is presented not glyceroscrap, and seriny. Makes basis of sfingolipid. Sfingozin is formed in reaction between a palmitoil-Co and seriny in which palmitoil-Koa loses one atom of carbon which is emitted in the form of CO2. At N-acetylation of sfingozin tseramida which are a part of many sfingolipid, for example a sfingomiyelin are formed. Besides, tseramid contains in tserebrozidakh and the gangliozidakh (the connections containing the remains of carbohydrates). Sfingolipidoza are diseases of lysosomes at which degradation of sfingomiyelin is broken. Accumulation of lipids in fabrics leads to development of diseases.

Sfingomiyelin

Sfingomiyelin consists of a tseramid and a fosforilkholin. He is also called tseramidfosforilkholiny. On the structure sfingomielin is similar to fosfatidilkholin. Please pay attention to Pankramin.

Tserebrozida

Tserebrozid is formed when binding a monosaccharide with tseramidy. So, when binding glucose with tseramidy it is formed glukocerebroside (glukozileramide), and when binding galactose galactoziltserebrozid (galactotseramid). Tserebrozida also call "monoglikoziltseramidam". Globozid is tserebrozida containing several carbohydrate remains.

Illness to Gosha

Illness to Gosha which is inherited on autosomal recessively type most often occurs among lysosomic illnesses of accumulation. An etiology a failure of p-glyukotserebrozidazy enzyme (fig. 36.3). It leads to excess accumulation of glucocerebroside in a brain, liver, marrow, a lien. At illness to Gosha I of type (without lesions of a nervous system) fermentozamestitelny therapy is carried out: patients receive recombinant p-glyukotserebrozidazu. Perhaps, the gene therapy based on transfer of a gene of a β-tserebrozidaza in DNA of the hemopoietic stem cells will be used in the future.

Gangliosides and globozida

Gangliosides are formed at linkng of a tseramid with an oligosaccharide and N-atsetilneyraminovoy by acid (sialic acid). Gangliosides make about 5% of all lipids of a brain.

Fabri's illness

Fabri's illness is the infrequent H-linked lysosomic illness at which a failure is observed and-galaktotserebrozidazy A. Eto leads to accumulation in an organism of globozid of tseramidtrigeksozid (globotriaziltseramid). Kidneys and cardiovascular system suffer from it, the risk of a stroke increases. Since 2002 fermentozamestitelny therapy with use recombinant is available to treatment of illness of Fabri and-galaktotserebrozidazy.

Sustanon 100

Sustanon 100 is the low-dosed option of sustanon 250 from the Organon Company, isn't made since 2009. As well as in the main version, in this medicine several air, both fast and slow action is used. But in this version of sustanon there is no "long" air of testosterone of dekanoat that in principle didn't affect properties of medicine in any way, it still has longer time of absorption, than tsipionat or enantat. You can also like Prostalamin.

100 contains in one milliliter of sustanon:

• 20 mg of testosterone of propionate
• 40 mg of testosterone of fenilpropionat
• 40 mg of testosterone of izokapronat

Everything that it is possible to tell to enantat, tsipionat or sustanon 250, it is possible to tell also to sustanon 100. A regular dose for men: 200-600mg in a week. All positive and negative properties are equal to that of enantat.

GHRP-6

Pharmacological group: peptides

GHRP-6 (growth hormone releasing peptide-6) - growth hormone secretion stimulator. The peptide promotes the development of self growth hormone in the body. Studies have shown that human growth hormone helps the body to maintain optimal weight and avoid obesity. GHRP-6 also has a protective effect on the liver and has an anti-inflammatory effect. These are ideal attributes for stimulating muscle growth and recovery. Purity (HPLC readings): at least 99%. Volume 5 mg vial.

Product Description

Molecular formula: C46H56N12O6
Molecular Weight: 873.01
Sequence: His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2

ONLY FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES
GHRP-6 does not belong to the group of GHRH ( «growth hormone" - releasing hormone).

GHRP-6 derived from grelin mimetic group and is one of several synthetic analogues metiolinen-kefalic consisting of D-amino acids which were designed to operate over the release of growth hormone and growth hormone called stimulants. Peptide growth hormone releasing - a true stimulant of growth hormone secretion. This means that the peptide does so that the body produces hormones itself. Human growth hormone helps the body keep the right weight to it, avoiding obesity. It is known that GHRP (growth hormone releasing peptide) different from GHRH ( «growth hormone" - released hormones), and they act on different receptors. GHRP act as grelin receptor stimulators and thereby stimulate the production of growth hormone. GHRP-6 - hexapeptide consisting of 6 amino acids of the chain. Their special sequence gives the body a signal to produce growth hormone, blocking somatostatin, a hormone that slows the release of growth hormone. Studies have shown that the stimulation with the help of GHRP-6 has a beneficial effect: it reduces the amount of fat, increases muscle tone and strength and endurance. So increasing the level of generation can substantially improve the physical form and strength of the body. Growth hormone is converted in the liver into growth hormone insulin-one, which also improves the ability to burn fat and muscle growth. Clinical cases have shown that the use of GHRP-6 was associated with an increase in muscle mass and reduce body fat. Peptide release of growth hormone (His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) - is a synthetic analogue of the naturally produced "growth hormone" - released factor that increases the level of growth hormone in a specific way, the mechanism of which is unknown . Scientists have long to establish a target or receptor that acts on GHRP-6. At first we assumed that the GHRP-6 acts on the pituitary gland, but after spending a more detailed study of the mechanism of GHRP-6, scientists found that the main impact is Mechain hypothalamus. Thus, studies have shown that GHRP-6 acts on grelinic the GHS receptor, in contrast to natural GHRH and its structural analogs. It is these differences GHRP peptides from GHRH allow you to take them together and get a triple synergistic effect.

Water and thirst

In adult humans, the water is 60% of the total body weight. Water content differently in different tissues. In connective and support tissues it is smaller than in the liver and spleen, where it is 70-80%.

In the body, water is distributed inside the cells and outside. The extracellular liquid contains about 1/3 of all the water, it has a lot of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate; in the intracellular fluid, comprising water supply 2/3 concentrated potassium phosphate anions esters and proteins.

Water enters the human body in two forms: as liquid - 48%, and in the solid food composition - 40%. The remaining 12% are produced in nutrient metabolism. The updating process occurs pods in the body at high speed: in blood plasma in 1 minute is updated 70% water.

To improve endurance use – Meldonium, Phenylpiracetam, Cyanocobalamin.

The water exchange involves all tissues of the body, but most intensely - kidney, skin, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The main body, which regulates the exchange of water and salt are the kidneys, it should be borne in mind that the number and composition of the urine can vary considerably.

Depending on the operating environment and the composition of food and fluid consumption amount of urine can range from 0.5 to 2.5 liters per day. Water loss through the skin occurs by direct evaporation and sweating.

In the latter case usually allocated 200-300 ml of water per day, while the amount of sweat is more dependent on the ambient conditions and nature of the exercise. With the exhaled air through the lungs is released as vapor and 500 ml of water.

This number increases with exercise on the body. Typically, the inhaled air contains 1.5% water, whereas exhaled - about 6%. An active role in the regulation of water and salt exchange plays the gastrointestinal tract, which is continuously allocated in the digestive juices and the total amount can be up to 8 liters per day.

Most of these juices is sucked again from the body and excreted in feces is not more than 4%. authorities involved in the regulation of water-salt metabolism, and liver concerns that can delay the large amount of liquid.

With the loss of fluid in a person, especially an athlete, there are certain symptoms. The loss of 1% of the water causes a feeling of thirst; 2% - a decrease of endurance; 3% - reduction in force; 5% - reduction in salivary flow and urine-formation, rapid pulse, lethargy, muscle weakness, nausea.

As a result of intense exercise in athletes organism occur simultaneously two processes: the heat generation and return it by radiation in the environment and by sweat evaporating from the body surface and heating the air inhaled.

When sweating and evaporation of 1 liter of sweat body gives 600 kcal. This process is accompanied by a cooling of the skin. As a result, the body temperature is regulated. Together with then allocated mineral salt (usually athletes say that salty sweat and burns the eyes).

Under the influence of exercise the body adapts to the conditions of a heating and cooling climate. Thermoregulation of an athlete during muscular work is closely linked with the state of water-salt metabolism and requires a high fluid intake in the form of special drinks.

Artificial blood

Biophysicist Dr. Doping speaks of blood problems, growing and programming of new cells from the stem and prototypes synthetic platelets.

Currently, there are two options for the production of artificial blood cells - red blood cells is grown in vitro, or completely artificial objects blood cell functions.

Milieu intérieur

The first organisms on Earth were single-celled. As soon as any multicellular, they had a transportation problem, because it is necessary to deliver nutrients to every cell. Some organisms have solved this problem as a sponge by pumping large volumes of water through itself so that every cell was in contact with the external environment. Other, apparently trying to be as flat for the same purpose. But in order to get a true multicellular (or multi-tissues), came only the most effective option - liquid internal medium that carry nutrients and carries away wastes. However, as soon as the first organisms that have had such an internal environment, they were immediately necessary mechanisms to protect this valuable fluid leaking from her and invading aliens in wounds.

Initially engaged in the protection of the same cell, which is often called amebocyte. Different invertebrates living now, these cells are called differently depending on their structure and type of the internal environment (or medium). With regard to all those who have hemolymph, use the word "Hemocit", and sea urchins, for example, emit coelomocytes, but more or less universal name - amoebocyte. In fact, there is even amoebocytes sponges, and then there is a complete analogy with human society: as soon as the company with any complex structure, as soon as there is a division between those who work and those who protect and restore order. We also have a sponge and fixed cells, and mobile amoebocytes.

As soon as a full-fledged internal environment, amoebocytes it becomes extremely important. They swim in this environment and regeneration engaged by analogy with our stem cells, or hunt for microbes, as our white blood cells. And when there is damage, they sail under its own power to the injury site and plug it, almost like our platelets. But the oxygen they do not spread: in invertebrates pigment for transport is dissolved in the hemolymph, or like insects, oxygen is used to deliver the trachea. Thus amoebocytes may generally be of different types and perform different tasks depending on maturity, but drastic differences between them.

In vertebrates, the situation is more complicated, because they have too high a flow rate and pressure, and the protective cells may not themselves sail to the site of injury. In addition, the vertebrate need more oxygen, which means that merely dissolve oxygen carrier in blood is not obtained. It would be too much, and the blood is too thick, so it must be packaged in some "bags". immune system, too, has become much more powerful, and as a result we have, vertebrates, especially mammals, development amebocyte happened to a few highly dissimilar branches. This blood cells: erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes. Although modern otherness, they still are one predecessor, because originally it was one and the same cell.

All three cells specialize in certain tasks: the white blood cells involved in immunity, red blood cells carry oxygen, and platelets cover their bodies the injury. Now the mode of overlapping the injury has changed radically since the platelets at our speed of blood flow can no longer themselves to sail. On platelets have receptors - special molecules that, when platelets are carried by the blood stream, clinging to the injury site. They attach to collagen at the site of damage, stuck there, and the next platelets cling to those already stuck. It begins to form aggregate platelet plug that covers the wound. Naturally, a large wound in the artery tube itself does not override, and the wound will need to bandage or sew (have further bleeding stop system), but with all the small injuries that we face in the course of ordinary life - scratches, injections, bites, bruises - this system handles.

We can reproduce the elements of this system are now: in the last 5 years, we have become much better understand it. We know what proteins platelets are attached to each other for what they cling to receptors of collagen, which in the composition of lipids accelerate platelet clotting reactions on their surface. Now it can be a good mimic, because to perform most of these functions do not need to have a full cage - you can take a liposome capsule, or albumin (usually nanocapsules size of hundreds of nanometers) and paste it in the desired proteins.

But some things you can do platelets, so we can not do. For example, platelets are in their granular growth of at least seven factors are engaged regeneration damage. In addition, platelets are able to be activated, to switch to the new regime and as a result better than to cling to each other - is difficult to implement with the help of liposomes such properties of these platelets.

However, now (in fact, more than 10 years ago) there were the first versions of the artificial platelets, which reproduce part of platelet function, and in the first place, they are several receptors that allow them to be secured for the few platelets, which remained in man. On a fairly large amount of material in animals and in the early stages of clinical trials, such artificial platelets successfully stop bleeding from wounds. However, to carry out such procedures, when the body does not remain the property of platelets in general, it does not, but it happens rarely.

The need for blood and artificial blood

The lack of platelets in humans occurs for several reasons, which can be divided into two categories. The first category - a chronic disease, when a person do not work their own platelets. For example, a mutation has occurred and there is some protein, or a problem with the production of platelets and develops some variant of anemia, or developed antibodies and began killing their own human platelets. In such cases, to transfuse platelets in the long term often contraindicated, because such people should be treated consistently, and live with strangers platelets constantly is impossible: every transfusion - is an infection risk, acute immune response or production of antibodies. These risks are not very big, but sooner or later the fear may be justified when frequent transfusions. In severe cases, these patients still makes only a transfusion of platelets and completely artificial cell, where the risks of infection and some others can be reduced to zero, we can help these people to move some operations to at least the tooth could pull out without the risk of death.

To treat anemia usually use – Cyanocobalamin, Dexamethasone injections.

The second scenario shortage of platelets - this acute situations: trauma, surgery volume, bone marrow transplantation, chemotherapy, premature birth, and a sudden drop in the number of platelets due to the bleeding which begins in mucous or threatens intracranial bleeding. These people definitely need to transfuse platelets, but due to the fact that these cells are very capricious, kept only a few days, and almost do not tolerate frost in all hospitals where there is their big stations of blood transfusion, platelet always have problems.

Donor blood cells and solutions for transfusion

Any blood cells can be obtained from a donor, theoretically - in any amount. But the donor cells there are several fundamental problems, and the first - it is the risks of infection and immune responses, which in principle can not be prevented for certain types of cells, such as platelets, because we are now able to determine the infectivity of blood with absolute reliability. That is not determined by those viruses concentrations at which they become infectious. For other possible quarantine of cells when the cells are allowed to cryopreserve and deal only a few months, making the same donor re-analysis to check whether not start to develop the disease. There are ways to inactivate viruses in blood products, but all the possible viruses, prions or other pathogens check or destroy impossible for any cell type. In addition, there unpredictability immune responses, which could be dangerous, especially for people with health problem.

The second problem of donor cells is that they are poorly stored, and platelets in this respect are the worst. In some cases, such as white blood cells, there are other difficulties: transfuse someone else's white blood cells, in principle, quite risky, because it is the immune system cells that are ground out to kill someone else and help her. There are special leykokontsentraty and methods to determine compatibility in order to minimize the risks, but it is quite difficult. So now the blood cells observed the following distribution: first, blood no one ever pours - simply because it is very dangerous and, most importantly, never need. Sometimes the doctor come to such despair in order to save people's lives during the complete absence of blood products, but generally this practice is completely prohibited. Most often, people just poured special solutions to compensate for the volume of blood (saline or other), because it is the first thing to the loss of blood, or the heart can not cope. In the second place with more severe blood loss occurs, or fresh frozen plasma transfusion needs, in order to solve problems with clotting. In the third place, if a person does not have enough hemoglobin, the red blood cells can be transfused. Oddly enough, it is necessary not so often: our blood is designed for the transport of oxygen to the huge stock, ten times more than a person needs, quietly lying in the intensive care unit. Finally, in certain situations, human platelet transfusions, for example, when he is after a bone marrow transplant, he at first does not work hematopoiesis. In general, each set of cells is poured under different circumstances, in different conditions, and each has its own set of problems.

Artificial blood cells

Two of the most problematic point - it platelets and white blood cells. In the production of artificial platelets now there is competition between the two embodiments described above. Any commands that do already platelets from stem cells. The advantage of this option is that you can take stem cells or even reprogram other cells in the intended recipient, and for him to do the "native" platelets. The problem is the cost and performance: Now this method performance tends to zero, and the cost is quite exorbitant. In addition, there are serious doubts whether these platelets are true: cells are obtained, similar to the platelets, but in vitro is very difficult to reproduce the whole process of maturation of the platelet. There are works that show that these cells for some items do not coincide with normal platelets, so it turns out that, on the one hand, long-term production of artificial platelets from stem cells is a very attractive way, which can give perfectly compatible and complete platelets, but on the other hand, this way is very, very far, though fundamentally works.

Besides the cultivation of platelets from stem cells have the options of manufacturing a completely artificial platelets. Usually this lipid microspheres or protein nanocapsules, which have a set of proteins that provide functions similar to the platelet. Such objects may form aggregates with platelets and overlap the wound. Prototypes of such artificial platelets have been around for about 15 years, some of them reach the second stage of clinical trials, but have not yet made their way into clinical practice. However, the technology in the near future may give a very real product; now there is a competition between a number of leading companies, creating different versions of platelets. Most likely, in any case he will lose something real platelets, as he almost certainly missing some features full of cells that are actively involved in the regeneration and immunity. But he can stop the bleeding, and this is important. It will be very convenient for use thing - something like the powder in the bank that can stand on a shelf, and if necessary, diluted with water and overflow, for example, on expeditions, in the military field, with global catastrophes check compatibility without the need or have the handy sophisticated equipment.

Perhaps platelets - the most interesting, popular and a real object in terms of the creation of artificial blood cells in every sense. Worst of all is the case with leukocytes. Immunity - is a complex system, which we are not yet able to establish from scratch. Creating a fully synthetic analogue of leukocytes, as discussed above for platelets and red blood cells, while it seems science fiction - or rather, analogues, because many types of white blood cells, each of these advanced features. leukocyte production of stem cells seems a little more realistic, and the work in this direction go. Complete neutrophils have learned to do over 10 years ago. But there are a lot of obstacles: one must be able to produce enough of each type, and then teach these cells do not attack the host. Theoretically, these problems can be solved, but the difficulty here is more serious than platelets. Currently, a lack of white blood cells try to treat drugs that stimulate their development. In the short-term cases, you can go to use leykokontsentratov risks, and in severe cases of immunodeficiency (or when the problem is not only with the number of cells, but also to the presence of defects) have to go to a bone marrow transplant.

can be done to replace the red blood cells - and the people are engaged in it - a variety of options for artificial oxygen carriers, but it is in some ways the least interesting challenge, because there are donor cells, there perftoran and its analogs. Perftoran, often called "blue blood" - a well-known oxygen carrier being designed in Russia. In addition, the red blood cells carry great cryopreservation, which not only allows you to create large reserves of blood cells and transport them anywhere, but also means that a person can take the red blood cells, and six months later to check up, whether manifested in this human AIDS, HIV. This quarantine of minimizing the risk of disease. If we talk about the blood plasma, it is replaced by natural plasma, with its variety of functions possible, although now are artificial solutions for transfusion with the correction of the individual functions.

Modern Theory of Insomnia

Somnology Dr. Doping tells about the features of the structure of the brain and causes of insomnia.

Insomnia is a condition where a person has the ability to sleep, but can not. He could not sleep for a long time, tossing and turning from side to side, all sorts of thoughts come to prevent him from falling asleep, so-called rumination - obsessive thoughts. And then he goes to sleep again may wake up in the night and then not be able to sleep again for a long time spent in bed awake. He might wake up in the morning before the time when he did not even need to get up and lie awake, too. That is in insomnia symptoms can be very different, but they all relate to the difficulties or the initiation of the onset of sleep or staying asleep.

And even if a person slept like a sufficient amount of time, but in the morning he gets up unrefreshed, sleepy, it is also a manifestation of insomnia, it is complaints about the non-reducing sleep. Scientifically called insomnia insomnia (in - 'inside'; somnus - 'dream'), that is, those issues that arise within a dream. And now we really learned a lot about the condition. As previously presented, why develops insomnia syndrome? The most common was the idea that insomnia - it's just such a whim, that person behaves properly, he disturbed behavior, he jumps before going to bed, jumping, excited, worried and this can not sleep. Indeed, it happens most often in children there are such problems in teenagers who flirt on the computer.

But why should an adult, serious, responsible attitude towards their health, falls and can not sleep? Before going to bed, he is nothing reprehensible does not. On this question the theory of consumer insomnia did not answer. Other insomnia theory represents the other extreme, which is considered a violation of sleep as a manifestation of mental illness, that if a person does not sleep, it means that something from his psyche not: he either depression or anxiety disorders, and it's manifested in soon. And so often, in fact, doctors have tried to refer people with insomnia who came to him to complain about, just in case checked by a psychiatrist. Including why complaints of insomnia stopped, and people prefer not to talk about the fact that they have a sleep disorder, because they believe that then it will be regarded either as improper behavior, irresponsible attitude to his bed, or as a sign of something the mental illness.

So, on the one hand, that if conduct a survey of people in the general population, that is, each counter to ask if he had any sleep disorders or not, at least one in ten say that he has a sleep disorder that prevented him live in he has this insomnia. On the other hand, people with insomnia do not come to the doctor and do not complain, do not know who to come to, do not know what doctor can help. And gradually, this problem began to rise to a higher level of special. Neurologists, psychiatrists began to gather, discuss, whose disease is insomnia who it should be treated. Now it achieved a mutual understanding that insomnia - it's still the problem of the central nervous system, a problem that occurs in the brain, which is associated with behavioral disorders, a problem that often coexists with mental illness, but does not always mental illnesses cause insomnia.

What modern presentation, origin of the insomnia, insomnia? In order to understand this, it is necessary to go back to sleep theory. Why at some point in time we can go to sleep at some point in time we can not sleep? It depends on the constant interaction between the two main brain systems. One system is activated, it always maintains a sufficient level of wakefulness, several centers in the brain has to constantly tormoshat other neurons of the brain, forcing them to work at full capacity, if it is a day when you want the day constantly to solve some problems. That is such a tonic activation of the central nervous system activating centers. On the other hand, there are sleep centers, which are also not averse to take control of the brain, and all the time they are ready to take the brain control, but they do not give to make waking centers because waking centers during the day stronger, because they help to further the internal clock receiving the information from the retina. There is a nerve branch, which goes directly to the internal clock in the supra-hiazmene nucleus of the hypothalamus and every millisecond conveys information about the day or night, enough light or not.

The internal clock system helps awake during the day to maintain a sufficient level of activation, at least in humans. There are nocturnal animals, and they have the opposite. The fight takes place continuously between activating and inhibitory centers of the nervous system. When a person goes to bed and if at that time the street becomes darker, the internal clock activity decreases, they help activate the brain centers is also reduced and the sleep center at some point seize control of the brain. This ideally.

To improve sleep take: Afobazol, Selank and Phenibut.

There are many situations when activating the centers are too active. The modern idea of the possibility of the development of insomnia suggests that there is a group of people who have an innate feature, called hyperarousal - overactivation of the brain. They hyperactivation of this can be traced even in the daytime, not when they can not sleep at night, complained of insomnia, and even in the day of their brain is too active. This can be seen, for example, if you do EEG in such a group of people, they will have more so-called fast rhythms, beta rhythms in the EEG than in people who do not have insomnia. You can make it a special research technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation. It uses a powerful magnetic field, the magnetic field that stimulates the motor areas of the brain, and look how well these areas cause a motor response - often on the movement of the thumb.

It turned out that people with insomnia have a constant hyperactivation of virtually all areas of the brain, including those that like to sleep are unrelated to the thumb are related. This proves the presence of hyperactivity. And on the other indicators is actually also shown that insomnia is all too active in these people that they live initially with increased activation of that day helped them, in principle, because they respond better to changes in the external circumstances, faster can focus faster make the necessary response to some sort of reaction, but in the evening, when they go to bed, it begins to interfere with them, because they activate the brain centers hinder sleep centers in time to take control and return the body to sleep.

And when a person is trying to sleep, it is not possible because of the hyperactivity. Then have included secondary mechanisms maintain insomnia, and this is a different psychological factors. For example, a person lies down and gives himself the task immediately to sleep: I must urgently go to sleep, tomorrow morning to be cheerful, sleep. It seems to be nothing special, but when he gives himself such a task, it is already beginning to unconsciously track, he fell asleep and did not fall asleep. After some time, he can not fall asleep, he begins to worry about the fact that he did not fall asleep. From this he has cerebral activation, which is already high, increased even more, and it is even less may feel sleepy, even less, and the likelihood of falling asleep even further reduced. The man is excited, he begins to ask himself: "Why did not I fall asleep? I urgently need to go to sleep. " And the more he tries to drive himself to sleep, the less chance of falling asleep.

Academician Wayne, one of the pioneers of sleep studies in Russia, was very fond of the metaphor of the dream - it is a bird that sat on the open hand, and the faster you try to grab her, the faster it flies, because the more you strain to grasp the dream , the more activated by activating the system and hinder the development of the deceleration needed to sleep and occurrence of sleep. That is the man drives himself into this state. And gradually it is fixed, and in some even formed a habit or fear nezasypaniyu bed. When a person goes to bed at night, he does not think, fall asleep or he will not fall asleep, but when it comes to the bedroom, gets to the usual situation, then it triggers a conditioned reflex of Pavlov: pillow - the lack of sleep, like a dog call (call - it means food - a dog's saliva flowed). And here it turns out that he saw his pillow and his body immediately remembered the failure of the previous night, when he could not sleep. Accordingly, it is automatically developed hyperactivation which prevents sleep. This is one of the most common models, which explains why developing insomnia.

Now consider that there are people with a constant hyperactivation, and there are people without hyperactivity, insomnia develops them under other laws, and it is most commonly associated with the peculiarities of perception of time they spend awake at night. I wonder that anyone at night when asleep, in fact, not fully asleep, sometimes he wakes up, and that's fine. And, as it turned out, we did not wake up once during the night, not two, but 10-15 times a night because a man not to have pins and needles in one's arm his ribs, need from time to time in bed tossing and turning. This is completely normal. And when a person turns over in bed, in his brief awakening EEG recorded for 10-15 minutes. He wakes up at this time, it can at the same time to open his eyes, but he does not remember the next morning about it. But there are people who are too well all remember.

It is shown that there is a group of people who complain of sleep disturbances, despite the fact that sleep somehow they actually quite a lot. For example, now recommended by the international community duration of sleep - it is not less than seven hours to maintain a sufficient level of vigor, for a sufficient level of health. But if you spend a sleep study a man who complains about the dream, we also see that he 6-6.5 hours of sleep, but he could tell in the morning, which is not asleep. Why? He has changed the perception of their own sleep. He remembers those periods of sleep, or rather, those periods of wakefulness, when he was awake when he suffered, he looked at his watch as he listened to what was happening at the other end of the house, as there is neighbors move cupboard again in the night, but he absolutely does not remember when he fell into sleep. This feature of the perception of time at night.

There is a group of people who because of this developing complaints of insomnia, as they do not know how to properly take the time. They have periods when they wake up at night, merge in their perception. They wake up in the morning, they sure did not sleep, but in fact this is not true. Maybe they were sleeping a bit worse than other people, but slept enough. This so-called phenomenon pseudo-insomnia. There is a group of people who sleep unhappy - unhappy because they can not take the time. This is another cause of insomnia.

Another currently considered as one of the causes of congenital insomnia particular brain structure. When they began to carry out more complex neurophysiological studies (there is such a study - functional magnetic resonance imaging, which allows to determine not only the brain structure, but also its function, how well certain parts of the brain are working, for example, insomnia, and in healthy people (always compared with the control group, the control group - healthy people)), it was found that people with insomnia worse operate certain areas of the brain that are involved in the emotional evaluation of the situation. These areas of the brain are among the oldest areas, and they are called the orbitofrontal cortex areas, then there is the part of the cerebral hemispheres, which is adjacent to the eye sockets, hanging over the eye sockets.

It turned out that this is a very important part of the cerebral cortex, because it just is responsible for the inhibition of excessively overheated hazard assessment centers, so to speak. The temporal areas is the so-called the amygdala, which we need including to evaluate each stimulus, every action on the subject of it is dangerous for us or not. This amygdala responds to instantly evaluate the sound, the appearance of a new subject or to assess the danger to us some thoughts flashed in our minds. And it turned out that the amygdala is too much for insomnia, it is always ready to react to the danger, which is not even, she sees it as a threat. Why? Because patients with insomnia, this portion of the brain, the orbitofrontal cortex, is underdeveloped.

One of the most important functions of the orbitofrontal cortex is the inhibition of the amygdala unbelted, so that it did not perceive it as a danger to the body, the orbitofrontal cortex allows you to slow down time. And some people orbitofrontal cortex does not have time to slow down the amygdala to the right degree, the amygdala is constantly, day and night, provides alarms. In the afternoon, in principle, it does not interfere, as it may be, even helps to be always on the alert, always responsive to changes in the situation, the traffic situation, for example. And it is absolutely not necessary at night, do not react during the night, the brain has to deal with at night its internal affairs, change the ratio of neuronal weights, he does not have anything to respond. And it prevents this amygdala response, and develop again a symptom of insomnia when a person can not sleep, always alert, always responds to the sound of light.

Indeed, people with these disorders often say that as soon as night falls, for some reason, the neighbors start something there drilling, banging, moving, not because the other houses the neighbors do not knock, do not drill, do not move, but because people with this type of response excessive attention to all external stimuli. They hear even that healthy people do not even hear what's happening at the other end of the house. It is now the main theory of insomnia - the theory that insomnia is a heterogeneous group of states, and some of these conditions are caused by innate features is the organization of the nervous system. Either this function especially when there is a constant hyperactivation or hypoplasia is the orbitofrontal cortex, or psychology is, or it is the wrong assessment of the situation, incorrect assessment of the time.

There are a few other phenotypes of insomnia, which is not to have reached the hands of scientists, not formed a view. For example, the development of one of the types of insomnia associated with sleep insufficiency with dreams of REM sleep. It turned out that if a person is sleeping properly in a fast sleep, then he, too, violated anti-stress factor, the result of this is the development of a chronic sleep disorder, yet it has the REM sleep functions is defective. But this is a topic of conversation for the next REM sleep function.