Sports Pharmacology – Management of Athlete’s working capacity

Factors constraining the performance of skilled athlete

There are factors influencing that may reduce or increase the efficiency of a healthy body.

These factors can be divided into two groups: system and organic:

Limiting by systemic factors:

• Lack of functioning (imbalance) of the endocrine system

The reason: a wide range - from genetic to infectious diseases, as well as doping.

Impact: The violation of all types of metabolism (metabolic imbalance).

Identification and control: hormonal profile.

Correction: According to identify the causes.

• Violation of the acid-base status and ion balance in the body

Reason: work glycolytic mode, anemia, lack of bicarbonates.

Impact: a change of the buffer capacity of the blood, the accumulation of lactate acidosis.

Control: La-blood pH blood, hemoglobin, blood.

Correction: Increase the buffer capacity of the blood, alkalization, reducing lactic acid levels. Iron preparations, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, enzymes.

• Blocking of cellular respiration in working muscles

Reason: violation of electrolyte transport in the respiratory chain, and a lack of violation of transport phosphocreatine.

Consequence: reduction of work capacity due to decreased muscle contractility.

Control: the concentration of creatine phosphokinase (CPK).

Correction: macroergs, phosphogen, respiratory enzymes antihypoxants, iron supplements.

• Reduced muscle energy

The reason: lack of glycogen, ATP, phosphocreatine, lipids, proteins.

Consequence: reduction of work capacity due to decreased muscle contractility.

Control: basal metabolism, glycemic profile, sports biochemistry, ECG.

Correction: carbohydrate saturation. Initiation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, phosphocreatine. Neoton, Mildronate, Neurobutal, Sodium Hydroxybutyrate, Antihypoxants.

• Launch of free radical processes in the result of limit loads

Reason: exorbitant exercise. Lack of antioxidants. The formation of toxic products (pro-oxidants).

Impact: The violation of mitochondrial functions of cell membranes.

Control: determine the level of peroxidation (LPO) by chemiluminescence.

Correction: antioxidants.

• Violation of the microcirculation. Change of rheological properties and blood clotting

Reason: prohibitive exercise under adverse external factors, which leads to damage of the vascular endothelium, triggers an imbalance of the coagulation-anticoagulation system.

Consequence: tissue hypoxia. The development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Violation of the functions of internal organs: heart, liver, kidneys, etc...

Control: blood pH, hematocrit, coagulation, differential blood cell count, urinalysis, electrocardiogram.

Correction: the preparations improving microcirculation and blood rheology: Actovegin, Solcoseryl, Trental, Pentoxifylline,Ttanakan, aggregation inhibitors (Papaverine, Euphyllin), and so on.

• Reduction of immunological reactivity

Reason: prohibitive exercise, meteoklimaticheskie adverse conditions.

Impact: The susceptibility to infection by any infectious disease.

Control: immunological control.

Correction: immunomodulators, enzymes, adaptogens, biostimulants

• Inhibition of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Cause: The load that extends beyond the physiological norm.

Consequence: overtraining - "Sport disease", a violation of the dynamics of the psychological state of the athlete.

Control: psychos, the starting time of the reaction, the speed of the pulse.

Correction: psycho-sedative, tranquilizers, means correcting sleep disorders, agents that hinder the involvement of emotions in the autonomic centers.

Limiting by organ factors

• Reduction of myocardial contractility

Monitoring: ECG, echocardiography, functional tests.

• The weakening of the respiratory function

Control: peak speed of exhaled air (peak flow), forced vital capacity (FVC).

• Reduction of the liver, kidneys and other organs as a result of prohibitive training load

Control: Ultrasound, rheography, biochemistry, etc...

• Damage (injury), muscles, ligaments, joints

Control: traumatologist.

Furthermore, in the analysis, performance monitoring and correction systems leading body must be considered and their generalizations properties:

- Backup features - capacity;

- Feasibility - power and mobilized;

- Effectiveness - efficiency.