Steroid hormones: aldosteron, cortisol, androgens and estrogen

1.Aldosteron.

• It iss mineralokortikoidy.
• He stimulates exchange of ions of K+ for Na ions + in kidney tubules.
• Na+ reabsorption ↑, secretion of K+ ↓, secretion of H+ ↑

2.Cortisol

• It is a glucocorticoid.
• Catabolic steroid hormone.
• He stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipoliz and disintegration of proteins of fabrics

3.Androgens

• Anabolic steroid hormones.
• Stimulate synthesis of proteins and development of secondary male sexual characters

4.Estrogen

• Promote development of female secondary sexual characteristics

There are four main types of steroid hormones: mineralokortikoida, glucocorticoids, male sex hormones (androgens) and female sex hormones (estrogen). Notice that androstendion is the predecessor both androgens, and estrogen. Really, on someone's well-aimed observation, Romeo and Juliette differ only in keto-group at the 3rd atom of carbon and metal group at the 10th atom of carbon of steroid kernel.

Giperaldosteronizm

Primary giperaldosteronizm (Conn's syndrome) is the rare disease caused by a tumor of bark of adrenal glands, sekretiruyushchy ΰλόδξρςεπξν. Because of it the organism loses ions of potassium and hydrogen which are removed with urine. Develop gipokaltsiyemiya, metabolic alcaloz. The secondary giperaldosteronizm which develops because of damage of kidneys or a liver meets more often.

Chronic insufficiency of bark of adrenal glands (Addison's disease)

Addison's disease is a rare disease with a possible lethal outcome. An etiology atrophy of adrenal glands which leads to reduced secretion of an aldosteron and cortisol. The disease is characterized by the low arterial pressure, loss of ions of sodium with urine, decrease in body weight and pigmentation of mucous membranes. Insufficiency of bark of adrenal glands develops also because of violation of functioning of the hypothesis which is followed by violation of formation of adrenokortikotrop hormone (AKTG). Please pay attention to Kristagen.

Giperkortitsizm: Cushing's syndrome

Cortisol is developed by bark of adrenal glands in response to a stress and starvation. It stimulates splitting of fats, and also formation of glucose from the amino acids which are formed in case of disintegration of proteins of fabrics. Thus, cortisol is catabolic steroid hormone which is developed in case of starvation. Natural steroids of this type or their synthetic analogs (in particular, dexamethasone) are called glucocorticoids. Secretion of cortisol is regulated by gipotalamo-hypophysial system. At first the hypothalamus sekretirut which stimulates secretion of AKTG of a forward share of hypothesis. Then AKTG stimulates secretion of cortisol with bark of adrenal glands. In case of excessive products of cortisol Cushing's syndrome develops. Cushing's syndrome can arise for four reasons: yatrogenno, in case of hypothesis adenoma, in case of adenoma or a carcinoma of adrenal glands, and also in case of ektopichesky formation of AKTG.

• The most widespread is the iatrogenic syndrome of Cushing. (An iatrogenic syndrome of Cushing also call an exogenous or medicinal syndrome of Cushing as it is caused by prolonged treatment by glucocorticoids or other steroids.)
• For the first time the syndrome was described by Cushing at the patient with the infrequent primary adenoma of a pituitary body cosecreting AKTG. Such state is called Cushing's illness.
• Further patients with primary tumor of an adrenal good-quality (adenoma) or malignant were described (carcinoma) at which hydrocortisone level in a blood was increased, but the AKTG level was lowered.
• Ectopic formation of AKTG happens, for example, at cancer of a lung.

At Cushing's syndrome patients have characteristic appearance a lunar face, thin legs and arms at a gross obesity of a trunk, and their figure reminds a pear on legs matches. It is caused by accumulation of visceral fat at this illness. At first can seem that development of obesity at the high level of catabolic hormone (hydrocortisone) contradicts any common sense. However it is necessary to remember that the hydrocortisone stimulates glucose-genesis, and in blood glucose level increases that, in turn, causes insulin secretion intensifying. At Cushing's syndrome hydrocortisone level in a blood is high so that even the increased content of insulin can't reduce concentration of a glucose in a blood. But in visceral fatty tissue effect of insulin appears stronger, than action of a hydrocortisone, and insulin stimulates a lipoprotein lipase gene expression. It promotes fat accumulation, and first of all visceral, but not hypodermic: obesity occurs where rate of a blood flow is higher and where the number of adiposities is higher.

Sex hormones

Disturbance of synthesis of androgens: failure of 5-a-reductase

Dihydrotestosterone is formed of Testosteron under the influence of enzyme of 5-a-reductase. At a failure of a 5-a-reductase reaction is blocked, and in a blood the ratio Testosteron-Depotum/dihydrotestosterone raises. Dihydrotestosterone is 4 times more active, than Testosteron therefore newborn boys at a failure of a 5-a-reductase have genitals of critical accessory. The main task in such cases — the correct sex determination.

Inhibitors of 5-a-reductase

Finasterid also minoksidit are used for treatment of an androgenic alopecia. Finasterid is also applied at a good-quality prostatauxe to decrease of its sizes. Flutamid blocks a receptor of Testosteron and is used in treatment of a carcinoma of a prostate.

Aromatase inhibitors: new drugs against a breast cancer

Aromatase inhibitors, for example anastrozol, letrozole and ecsemestan, block synthesis of estrogens from androstendion. These are the new drugs developed for cancer therapy of a mammary gland. Clinical tests of letrozole turned out so successful that they had to be stopped: doctors counted unethical to continue to give placebo to volunteers from control group.

Statistics on the use of dietary supplements

Use of dietary additives is the widespread phenomenon among citizens of the USA age of 20 years and more. The national research revealed the state of health and population food which is carried out in the 2011th year that during the period from 2005 to 2008 more than 50% of the population of the USA used at least one dietary additive (multivitamins, minerals and vegetable additives). As it became clear, multivitamins and multimineral additives were in the greatest demand among buyers. Dietary additives often are considered as life-savers from such illnesses as unbalanced food, shortage of physical activity and the wrong mode of a dream. While shortage of physical activity isn't a problem for most of athletes, still there is an opinion that use of dietary can nullify consequences of food which basis is food not rich with useful substances. This assumption is submitted wrong and incorrect, but meanwhile use of dietary additives grew more, than by 10% from 1994 to 2002 though during the period from 2005 to 2008 indicators of growth decreased, and in certain cases small fall took place at all.

With the growing number of the athletes using dietary additives also the number of the state bodies having powers in the field of sport which enter the fundamental principles for risk minimization for health and safety of athletes, support of standards of ethics and decrease in risks of legal responsibility grows. For example, the Sports Association of High School of Iowa dissuades personnel of school, including trainers, from provision, permission of use or making recommendations about any drugs, medicines or nutritional supplements only for improvement of sports indicators. Nevertheless, by results of a secret research among pupils of 9-12 classes it was revealed that 96% accepted any additives. Vitamin supplements, energy drinks (Red Bull), bars and cocktails replacing meal, creatine and medicines for weight reduction were the most popular among those. At the same time friends, trainers and parents were provided as the most reliable sources of information; doctors and nutritionists, unfortunately, weren't mentioned at all. You can try Pinealon.

Similar results were received among athletes and athletes who study in colleges, and also among professional athletes. The obtained data demonstrate that about 80-90% of athletes students use any sports additives. According to researches, female athletes most often use multivitamin supplements, and also additives with calcium and vitamin D. At the same time male athletes most often resort to use of amino-acid and albuminous additives. The fact that at the level of the Olympic Games recession from 2002 for 2009 in the field of use of dietary additives was noted by 8% is represented interesting. The fact that the International Olympic Committee deprived of some athletes of their medals for the use of the drugs forbidden by the World Anti-Doping Agency can serve as the reason of this situation. At the professional level a series of researches taped the fact that 69% of the athletes participating at the Olympic Games in Atlanta and 74% - in Sydney used sports additives though later researches showed the decreasing number of such athletes and, most likely, it happens because of doubtful purity of additives.

It is necessary to take the fact that dietary additives are extremely widely used in sport into account. Thus, that athletes, the trainers and people acting in sports disciplines knew about what additives can be applied and what it is impossible and also that needs to be looked for as a part of this or that drug is represented very important. Moreover, it is important that all specified persons had a reliable source of information in the field of sports additives.

Stanozolol

This medicine became widely known after the Olympic Games-88 in Seoul when disqualified Canadian Ben Johnson who has just won at a distance of 100 meters run with a new world record for its application. Paradox: as it has appeared much later, Johnson stanozolol just also didn't accept... Nevertheless, stanozolol which the whole world knew, as a rule, according to the names "Vinstrol" or "Stromba" long time remained favourite "anabolic steroid" of athletes and swimmers. Until athletes haven't understood that to use stanozolol themselves more expensive - he has strongly taken the leading position in the list of medicines which "catch" on a drug test.

What to expect? Nothing...

I want to disappoint the reader who has asked the question given in the beginning of article: it is impossible to expect from "course" of the tableted stanozolol accepted on 50 mg a day anything at all. If only you not the woman are also not a happy owner of small "wealth" at 45-50 the lived years.

If, say, on hundred meters it is possible to be prepared for a running on one stanozolol, then for the bodybuilder, even a beginner, such number won't pass - to be prepared for competitions, using only, for example, Vinstrol won't work well. But it doesn't mean what stanozolol isn't present at an arsenal of pharmacological means of body builders - it is actively used during that "blessed" period which is called as "drying". However, in this case it is about an injection form of stanozolol and of very significant amounts several times exceeding the mentioned 50 mg a day. Though in the period of set of weight stanozolol use, however, not so often. I happened to hear from some athletes what stanozolol promotes increase in power indicators, and, in this case it is also about an injection form of medicine, and about oral. However, stanozolol in respect of growth gives strength to the majority exactly as much how many and in respect of growth of weight. That is, anything. Then why he is necessary? And whether it is necessary in general if to speak about the tableted stanozolol? You can try Pinealon.

For what he is necessary. Basic purpose of the medicine produced in the form of tablets and containing, as a rule, 5 mg of stanozolol rise in level of free testosterone. The matter is that in process of a smooth current of "course" of androgens and anabolic steroids, the amount of testosterone which is in blood plasma in an untied look also smoothly decreases. What, frankly speaking, isn't good at all. Oral stanozolol is designed to improve a situation. By the way, the most "breath-taking" situation with free testosterone is observed at the men who have entered, so to say, a maturity time. So at those representatives of a "strong" floor whose age has passed for a mark of 45 years, as reaction to reception of an oral stanozolol even some growth of muscles will be observed. Will gain very quite good effect which is expressed in growth of muscles of application of stanozolol and the woman. Here only him if they want treats the fair sex and further, I categorically would recommend to avoid this medicine. The matter is that reception of stanozolol is followed by the virilization phenomena, and, growth of hair in the most unexpected places, voice coarsening, increase in a clitoris and from absolutely insignificant doses of this medicine - literally one-two tablets begins.

What else it is possible to wait from stanozolol for? If to speak about the positive moments, then decrease in progestagen activity, especially pronounced at such "anabolic steroids" as nandrololn or trenbolone. So reception of "sound board", "phenyl" or "tren" should be accompanied with the tablets "Vinstrola" and to him similar medicines.

What do markets suggest?

Athletes with years of service with nostalgia remember Belgian Strombu - this medicine quite reasonably was considered as the most powerful among all, containing in quality of active ingredient stanozolol. Case was in a dosage here - each tablet "Stromby" contained 5 mg of stanozolol, unlike Vinstrol in which each tablet there were only 2 mg of the same active ingredient, and also as raw materials. The matter is that stanozolol is synthesized in Italy and in China. And so, the first differs from the second just strikingly. The Italian raw materials more expensive therefore to dare use it cannot each producer of pharmacological products.

BUT ITALY AND CHINA APPROXIMATELY THE SAME AS CARS OF THESE TWO COUNTRIES - "MASERATIS" AND "CHERRY" DIFFER, FOR EXAMPLE.

Today the raw materials made in Italy are used in case of production of only three medicines: repeatedly mentioned Vinstrola which the Desma company nowadays issues, the Thai stanozolol from British Dispensary and Stanozolola of production Dynamic Development Labs (Mauritius). The last can be considered the most attractive offer if to proceed from a ratio "price/quality". The rest... well, it already at your own risk. Alas, but occur at us and medicines which not that are made not from the Italian raw materials, but in general any substance though bearing a faint resemblance stanozolol, don't contain.

Detection time of steroids in urine

The list of doping medicines and approximate time of their detection is given in urine below.

Detection Terms in depend on a testing method many. Also, methods of detection of banned drugs are constantly improved.

• Nandrolona laurat 26-28 months
• Nandrolona decanoat 22-24 months
• Nandrolona fenilpropionat 16-18 months
• Noretandrolon 11-12 months
• Stanozolol injection 6-7 months
• Boldenona undeysilenat 4-5 months
• Methenobosoms enantat 4-5 months
• Trenbolone enantat 4-5 months
• Trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate of 4-5 months
• Stanazolol oral 6-8 weeks
• Trenbolone acetate of 5-6 weeks
• Metandrostenolon is 4-5 weeks old
• Oximetolon is 4-5 weeks old
• Oxandrolon 20-22 days
• Drostanolona propionate of 10-14 days
• Clenbuterol, albuterol 10-12 days
• Dexamethasone of 6 days
• Triamteren (diuretic) 48 hours
• Furosemide (diuretic) of 20-25 hours

Sports food: recommendations of the expert

It is very important to check efficiency of sports food by scientific methods, than just to be guided by feedbacks and claims from consumers. Moreover, to ensure purity and safety of a product, independent and fair expert appraisal is necessary.

Especially this subject is urgent for the acting athletes who regularly pass doping tests, on banned drugs and components which can be present at sports additives. Recommendations which are stated below are this for trainers, athletes, parents, medical workers, how to be informed in questions of the choice and application of sports food.

Ask recommendation your attending physician, before the use of additive

Online search of nutritional supplement will result you in abundance of information, and most likely you will face contradictory information which is often published by unskilled persons. You shouldn't purchase doubtful additives in gym. Many professional fitness, for sale of a certain amount of sports additives, put pressure upon gyms, for the purpose of increase in profit. There are even clinics of sports food? Which sponsors are producers of these products, but all this tricks of the companies to sell more than the products? It is important to be acute in information assessment. Experienced athletes recommend talking to the doctor or the druggist before application of sports food to estimate safety of application of this product and to estimate risks of harming an organism. Especially this subject is urgent for athletes with chronic diseases.

For more detailed information on nutritional supplement athletes shall consult at the skilled nutritionist who is the most reliable source of information owing to the education. Also the nutritionist will help to build the plan of food during the precompetitive period.

The skilled nutritionist will help to determine:

• safety and efficiency of biological additives proceeding from a diet of your food to determine probability of insufficient or excessive acceptance of vitamins and minerals;
• to estimate potential advantage and harm of sports additive for health of the athlete;
• to estimate safety of nutritional supplement taking into account a form of additive, its dosage, interaction with food and other nutritional supplements, and also medicines;
• to estimate chances of receipt of necessary nutrients through regular food;
• to receive recommendations about nutritional supplements in the period of a diet;
• assessment of researches on nutrients, recommendations about purchase and places of the choice of sale of nutritional supplements, legal information.
• Fortunately, many athletes of professional and amateur teams have the skilled nutritionist with whom it is always possible to consult.

Search of sports additives without banned drugs

Independent testing by third-party laboratories can confirm composition of the ingredients listed on labels of nutritional supplements. It is impossible to construct peak of a shape of the body suddenly. Athletes will see off every day, week, month in preparation for competitions, also a lot of time in support of the athlete leaves at trainers, parents, the last that the athlete expects - it is to fill up a doping test because of incorrect composition or finding of banned drug as a part of its nutritional supplement.

Thus any athlete who wants to use dietary supplement in the preparation wants to see on it an approval stamp from independent test laboratory.

Nutritional supplements which passed independent test in third parties provide accuracy of the information, specified on the label, and it in turn allows minimizing risk that we will receive the forbidden ingredient together with additive.

Choose additives which have scientifically proved results.

Purity of dietary additions can be established through testing of independent laboratory, and here this laboratory won't provide efficiency from this additive for this reason it is important to choose additions which have the scientific proved base in researches. You can also like Renisamin.

Learn to read information on composition of nutritional supplement.

On any nutritional supplement there is a label about structure (ingredients) of this product. Before use of this product always read this information and follow application instructions.

If you fell a victim of a fraud or collateral reaction to nutritional supplement.

Any athlete who faced adverse reaction to nutritional supplement shall contact immediately the attending physician or direct the message on effects to a straight line to the hot line of Management of sanitary inspection behind quality of foodstuff and medicines. In the USA this function is performed by FDA.

Danger of use of nutritional supplements

Jessica Hardy, hope of the Olympic Games on swimming, has been caught on positive dope of klenbuterol in 2008. Also positive test has been found as a result of doping check at the Beijing Olympic Games. Though Jessica unconsciously and negligently applied this additive, she has been disqualified for 1 year. Also has been disqualified from the Olympic Games of 2012. Arbitration association and international Olympic committee has considered that such decision was unfair to Hardy and it was authorized to it to participate in the London games where she has won bronze medal in relay 4 x 100 m freestyle the relay and gold medal in 4 x 100 meter potpourris of the relay. Hardy's situation has to teach us responsibly belongs to use of sports additives to exclude all negative risks and consequences of their application.

• Safety requirements to dietary supplement (dietary supplements)
• Safety requirement and nutrition value of foodstuff
• Dietary supplements: harm and side effects
• Harm of synthetic vitamins

Explanations of scientific research

Though there is a set of scientific research, in most cases as a result of admissible results it is less, than could receive. Therefore estimating the results of researches bound to nutritional supplements it is important to find researches which answer, at least, some of criteria:

Double blind research: in this type of clinical trial, the participating subjects and researchers don't know when experimental drugs were given or the procedure to or is carried out later.

Placebo control: in this method of a research inactive additives (placebo) are given to group of examinees (control group), the second group (experimental group) was given the real additives (not placebo). As a result, the received results of two groups compare among themselves, regarding efficiency of treatment. When it is carried out as a double blind research, this type of a research is considered the gold standard of clinical tests.

Randomized controlled research: objects of research are chosen with the corresponding characteristics, then are in a random way distributed either in experimental, or in control group.

Clinical tests: pilot study with human subjects, the gold standard of clinical test, a double blind research, and placebo control which use in a casual order in experimental or control group.

Large number of subjects of a research: the more subjects pass clinical tests, the results of researches are more reliable.

Replicable researches: when results of a research were replicated reproduced), they will receive more influence.

Statistical value: The result is considered statistically significant when value of probability p-value less than 5% (0.05), it means that an outcome of casual result less than 5%. However we will receive more statistical result at 0.01 and 0.001.

Conclusion

For the last more than 100 years, it was revealed that many alimentary ingredients play an important role in the field of health care and welfare of productivity.

In 2012 100 years of official recognition of the term vitamin C conducting a way through discovery of vitamin of group B of Thiaminum which helps at avitaminosis symptoms (illness of the nervous system caused by a disadvantage of receiving Thiaminum from a food allowance) were executed. Soon, vitamin supplements received the way in track and field athletics, for improvement of productivity and endurance. In the 1920th years by scientists it was established that small consumption of carbohydrates was bound not only with disability to concentrate, and also caused premature fatigue of muscles and a disadvantage of force.

In Asian culture, on an extent more 4-ekh of thousands of years, ingredients from herbs, for strengthening of health and productivity were used. However all advantages of their reception aren't proved yet.

Unfortunately, many athletes don't pass a doping test, because of unreliable information about drug, and recalls of the additives available on the Internet showed that many products contain additives of steroids and stimulators which are forbidden for use in sport.

Use of a set of biological additives in a large number and in common, is unreal and it isn't necessary. Besides, for the last decades the set of clinical tests which show that good results can achieve is observed, accepting only several additional dietary supplements.

Fortunately, recently, producers check the production the independent third-party organizations more carefully to minimize risk from their use. Athletes are recommended to choose only the checked products, and also to warn the doctor or the dietarian before additive use.

Somatotropin

Crystal somatotropin (it is growth hormone) from hypotheses of animals Lai and Evans in 1944 received, and in 1956 human STG was allocated. In 1957 Mr. Raben described a technique of extraction of human STG and soon showed its efficiency in clinic. The Italian sprinter P. Mennea, and subsequently and many other athletes was convicted of the use of STG in 1974.

Somatotropin is, undoubtedly, in the sports environment most "popular" of peptide hormones. As fairly noticed a few years ago in the Natural Bodybuilding and Fitness M magazine. MacCormick, if to see at least five magazines for the same month, then, at least, in three of them articles devoted to this hormone will be found. Nevertheless keen interest in somatotropin has reverse side a considerable part of what is written about it in sports magazines, has under itself no scientific basis.

Human somatotropin is polypeptide with a molecular weight of 22 Ltd companies and. e. the m consisting of 191 amino-acid remaining balance. It is synthesized and deposited only in hypothesis; at the adult content of somatotropin in hypothesis averages 3 — 5 mg. Intensity of secretion of STG depends on age. It is high in the first three years of life (above, than at adults) and reaches a maximum in puberty age. Night secretion of somatotropin by 3 times exceeds day. It is also necessary to remember that any sleep disorders or restrictions of a dream considerably reduce at night the level of secretion of STG.

Effects of somatotropin

STG promotes body height of a skeleton, body height and differentiation of organs, a body weight gain (sinergichno with sex and thyroid hormones, and also vitamin D). It is important to understand that developed thereof hormone of body height doesn't make immediate impact on an organism, and only stimulates emission in a blood of insulinoid factors of body height (IGF) and somatomedin through which action of STG is implemented. (The problem consists that the liver is capable to produce only limited amount of these substances. And if to enter hormones injections from the outside, they only induce a liver to development and emission of these substances, without making on an organism of direct impact.) Action of Somatotropin includes three components:

• creation of optimum level of substrates for body height (carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, mineral substances, etc.);
• stimulation of synthesis of factors of body height;
• direct action on tissues in which there are Somatotropinum receptors.

Pilot and clinical trials of these components of physiological action of Somatotropinum were conducted in scientific centers of many countries. Nevertheless any of them didn't concern efficiency of use of hormone of body height in sport (in any case, such data in open scientific literature are absent). A specification of these researches is given below:

• the most important function of exogenous Somatotropinum is the augmentation of somatic body height at pituitary children. It stimulates body height of a skeleton and soft tissues and renders the expressed metabolic effect in everyday homeostatic functioning;
• Somatotropinum moves an oxidizing metabolism towards use of fatty acids, sparing a glycogen and protein for anabolic processes and body height;
• the general production of insulin is considerably enlarged per day when using STG, and the increased sensitivity level to insulin of ferment systems leads to stimulation of a biosynthesis of protein;
• STG stimulates mobilization of lipids from fatty depots, providing decrease of peripheral reserves of fat, reducing respiratory coefficient and enlarging amount of free fatty acids in a blood plasma;
• STG stimulates body height of cartilages;
• Somatotropinum considerably stimulates a protein biosynthesis, but the protein type significantly differs from that which is synthesized due to muscular work;
• the muscular hypertrophy reached by means of STG is represented mainly a collagen formation result, but not proteins;
• STG, perhaps, is effective at the catabolic changes caused by age processes and wasting diseases at straight lines and osteoporosis, and also for the accelerated adhesion of fractures of bones;
• in the 1990s and so far pilot and clinical trials confirmed existence at drug STG of cardio tonic effect.

Metabolic effects of Somatotropin consist in accumulation of mass of protein, economy of carbohydrates and stimulation of lipolysis (release of fatty acids from fatty depots and their "burning" as a primary energy source). Somatotropin enlarges synthesis chondroitin of sulfate and collagen, strengthens a connecting tissue, tendons, bones and cartilages that, probably, and is one of the main reasons of the expressed augmentation of power indicators which is observed at some athletes. Some bodybuilders and power lifters are convinced that thus hormone of body height protects them from injuries which probability sharply increases parallel to body height of the working balances accompanying reception of anabolic steroids. Besides, the augmentation of bones, cartilages, tendons and internals does the athlete really massive that remains for long time. At use of Somatotropin allocation with urine of sodium, a potassium, chlorine and Natrii phosphates decreases. Activity of liver enzymes at the same time can increase. The period of circulation of STG is peering a blood plasma to 40 — 60 min., however metabolic effects of STG remain during 24 — 40 h. Please pay attention to Hondramin.

At 30 — 40% of patients application of somatotropin is followed by formation of antibodies to it, however only at 5% of an antibody have property to neutralize therapeutic effect of hormone. Against the background of STG-therapy the hypothyroidism in this connection it is necessary to control level the tireoidnykh of hormones can be shown and if necessary to begin their additional introduction. Among side effects of STG-therapy it is possible to mention slight anorexia and a headache. It is necessary to remember potential diabetogen effect.

Forms of release and medicines of somatotropin

To the middle of the 1980th years there was only a medicine of a natural somatotropin which was extracted from hypophysis of corpses. When in 1985 acceptance of STG began to be connected with extremely seldom found Kreyttsfeld's disease — Jacob (the chronic progressing encephalitis from the death probably of virus genesis) who involved weak-mindedness and death, manufacturers began to lay off medicine. Today already almost don't sell human somatotropin for injections (an exception — Lithuanian somatotropin); in many countries the ban on use of the medicines STG received from hypotheses of the person was imposed.

Today all medicines of somatotropin are divided by a method of their obtaining on homologous, got from hypotheses of corpses; synthetic, incorporating on one amino acid (methionine) it is more, than human hormone of growth; recombinant, received by means of genetic engineering. The last are the most high-quality medicines STG.

Medicines of somatotropin represent the light powder concluded in a glass bottle to which the ampoule with solution is applied (as a rule, it is Novocain solution). Ready solution shall be entered immediately or be stored in the refrigerator, but no more than 24 h. It is necessary to store in the refrigerator and unused! medicine. Though biological activity of somatotropin begins to decrease only four weeks of storage later at the room temperature! it is better to store it at a temperature not above 4 °C.

Somatotropin in sport

Despite the absence of data on researches of opportunities of application of somatotropin in sport, experience of body builders shows that injections of STG can increase amounts muscles and reduce fat inventories. However there are also such! body builders who didn't receive even a share of the expected effect. Unfortunately, there are no reliable data about what ratio of the persons which reached and not reached desirable effect. In literature the following assumptions of rather possible reason of lack of results meet:

• the dosage of medicine was too low and (or) it was applied insufficiently long. These problems are quite explainable as medicines of hormone of growth are very expensive;
• training in the cool hall and (or). accommodation in a frigid climate suppresses release of somatotropin. Perhaps, this factor reduces efficiency is exogenous the entered growth hormone;
• acceptance of glucose reduces STG-reaction. It means that if the athlete trains with the high level of glucose in blood or does growth hormone injections in case of a hyperglycemia, then anabolic effects of medicines of somatotropin can be reduced;
• some hormones suppress or reduce to zero desirable anabolic effects of somatotropin. Progesteron and glucocorticoids concern to them somatostatin. The same is fair also for many neurotransmitters and their analogs: phentolamine, izoprenalin, atropine, etc. Some other drugs, for example, khlorpromazin, imipramin, morphine and teofillin also suppress release of hormone of growth and, perhaps, are capable to reduce efficiency of exogenous STG;
• somatotropin was applied independently, i.e. in the form of monotherapy. The matter is that in case of acceptance of STG the need of an organism for hormones of a thyroid gland, insulin, corticosteroids, gonadotrophins, estrogen, steroid hormones sharply increases. Therefore if STG is accepted in the form of monotherapy, then the effect of its impact significantly decreases. In order that the organism appeared in an optimum anabolic condition, three hormones are necessary: STG, hormone of a thyroid gland T3 and insulin. Only in this case the liver is capable to develop enough somatomedin and the insulinopodobnykh of factors of growth. This anabolic condition can be even more strengthened by administration of drugs, having pronounced anticatabolic properties, for example, of a klenbuterol. However, those who are going to combine growth hormone acceptance with klenbuteroly or ephedrine, shall know that these medicines reduce development level an organism of insulin and hormone of a thyroid gland T3. Similar decrease happens when the athlete uses a tough precompetitive diet;
• instead of this medicine of a somatotropin in "the black market" sold to the athlete a counterfeit or low-quality medicine with activity inappropriate to marking. Therefore even if on a bottle it is written that it contains 4000 ME hormones of growth, there is no guarantee that them not 3000 or 2000.

Secretion of somatotropin

The physiological components promoting emission of this hormone including dream, physical exercises, stress, high temperature and hypoglycemia, become less effective in the presence of the factors which are listed above.

The described factors oppress secretion of somatotropin, reached by use of the known liberator ("releasers") of hormone of growth which are based on a combination of three amino acids arginina, ornitin and a lysine. In particular, arginin becomes useless in the presence of R-endorphins which are thrown out an organism during extreme efforts and pain two conditions which always accompany the exhausting heavy training. Let's note that in case of growth hormone acceptance power indicators don't improve. Provided that the oppressing factors don't work, it can increase muscular amounts and reduce fat burning.

There is a point of view that means of stimulation of secretion somatotropin the most real alternative to its injections. From the point of view of physiology, stimulation of secretion of hormone of growth can't have that efficiency about which supporters of this theory speak. Inventories of this hormone in a hypothesis are limited, and the speed of its biosynthesis is determined by a genetic code of this organism. Stimulating growth hormone emission in certain time, we simply redistribute time of peaks of its concentration in blood plasma, but we don't increase its level at all. Moreover, it can adversely affect natural rhythms of secretion of hormones, including growth hormone, and waste for nothing of inventories of endogenous STG. Sensitivity of fabrics hormone of growth is maximum in case of peaks of its physiological secretion and is minimum when its level in plasma of blood is lowered. It is easy to draw a conclusion that mechanisms of an organism of the athlete will be upset.

Among athletes it is considered that from the mass of the medicines stimulating release of endogenous STG it is more or less effective simbiotropin (however it doesn't have scientific confirmations). Also the distinct ergogen effect of the medicine G-factor of the Russian IRON MAN line takes place.

Course of Somatotropin

Positive properties of Somatotropin (in comparison with other anaboliziruyush agents) for the athlete consist only that forces and volumes of muscles reached with his help, as a rule, don't decrease after the termination of a course. It is bound to augmentation of number of muscle cells. At the expense of it many athletes manage to progress many months later after the end of reception of Somatotropin. One more property of Somatotropin consists that its frequent injections to the same place can lead to "burning out" in this place of a fatty layer and to possible development of abscesses of soft tissues.

Side effects of Somatotropin

Among side effects of drugs of Somatotropin on the first place is risk of development of diabetes mellitus and a possible hypo function of thyroid gland. The formation of antibodies arising in rare instances on Somatotropin can be neglected. As for the strengthened body height of separate organs and extremities, they if occur, during the dopubertatny period, or in postpubertal, but only at people who suffer from a hypofunction of gonads (hypogonadism). At the people suffering from an endogenic hypersecretion during the postpubertal period there can come the acromegalia. Bones become thicker, wider, but isn't longer. There is a strengthened body height of hands and feet, and also augmentation of features because of growth of a mandible and a nose. The cardiac muscle and kidneys can be enlarged in the volume and weight. Often it comes to an end with offensive of the general delicacy, diabetes, heart diseases and premature death.

When using drugs of Somatotropin in sport it is also necessary to consider that the isolated their use has the minimum efficiency about what it was already mentioned above.

The mechanism of action of Somatotropin (in respect of augmentation of volumes of muscular tissue) consists in acceleration of transport of amino acids and their including in synthesis of proteins on ribosome; it also causes augmentation of amount of muscle fibers (hyperplasia). At use of drugs STG disintegration of fats amplifies, and the energy which is formed at the same time is used on anabolic processes in protein metabolism. It also considerably strengthens an erythrogenesis and reduces the need of an organism for erythropoietin. At the same time, however, STG stimulates development of the antagonist of insulin a glucagon and increases activity of the enzymes blasting insulin. Introduction of Somatotropin oppresses in an organism production of the thyroid hormones participating in the main exchange. In small doses they show also anabolic action. Means, the athlete is compelled will then accept thyroxine or triyodtironin.

The mechanism of interaction of hormones in an organism difficult also demands constant control from the doctor. Except biochemical indicators of a blood, it is necessary to control a hormonal background (levels of Testosteron, Progesteronum, Oestradiolum, insulin, thyroxine). Use of this complex often gives very strong effect, even at a long absence of use of anabolic steroids. A hormonal regulation of an organism is so difficult that the intervention in it can bring not only positive, but also negative consequences. So, at use of insulin there can be hypopotassemia, and reception of triyodtironin causes oppression of development of a hydrocortisone. Possibly, it can be one of the reasons of high traumatism which is observed at the athletes applying such complexes of hormones. Discovery quite recently of new hormone the leptin regulating fatty exchange proves complexity and obscurity until the end of hormonal system of the person once again. The fact that these drugs are almost imperceptible at doping tests do them attractive in preparation, especially at threats of a frequent and unexpected drug test.

At competent and rational use of drugs of Somatotropin need of use of high dosages disappears, and it is possible to avoid or minimize side effects of drugs.

Doping control

Somatotropin is included in number of doping substances, however "is practically "not caught" on a drug test that does it extremely popular among the athletes competing at the international level. However, perhaps, soon somatotropin will be forced out by the insulin like growth factor of opened by the American and Australian scientists which reception allows an organism to receive from the outside bigger amount of the substance necessary for development of own somatomedin and insulin like factor of growth. As for a question of that, it is how justified or the ban on use of medicines of somatotropin in sport isn't justified, obviously, only scientific research which can't be carried out to force of the existence of the ban could give the answer to him.

Slim Cod

Description of the producer

The new highly effective program of weight reduction and correction of a figure developed in Switzerland by specialists of the Newman nutrients AG Company on the basis of a fat-burning complex of herbs, coenzyme Q10 and a source of natural food fibers. The CODES SLIM capsules allow to control comfortably and effectively body weight, to improve a functional condition of the main systems of an organism and to maintain high vitality.

But the company name "Newman nutrients AG" which was engaged in this dietary supplement isn't found on the Internet anywhere, except articles about Slim Cod. Even with search of the address of the company in Switzerland there are insuperable difficulties. There are on the website neither these researches, nor certified information though many other sources advertizing this medicine say that its efficiency is confirmed with researches. In a bottom corner of the page mentioning of the "exclusive" company of the distributor – Faure Pharm of Logic was found. This company delivers many additives to the country, but even on its website isn't specified where after all Slim Cod is made. After long wandering on the Internet, traces of the Newman nutrients AG Company led the author of article to LLC Newman nutrients AG in the Russian city to the Queen. Besides, such "effective" means what according to sellers Slim Cod is, owed become very popular in Europe and the world, however references of it meet only on the Russian-speaking Internet and advertizing extends generally to the CIS countries. Also, traces Slim Kod are found in the Indian company "Health Code India" which makes vegetable dietary supplements, but to understand whether there are distinctions between the Indian and "Swiss" Dietary supplements it isn't possible without special researches of structure.

Structure

It is difficult to give a guarantee that in the dietary supplement capsule there is what is specified on packaging. But the declared structure Slim Cod is as follows:

• Extract of gamboges Cambodian. This grass is capable to reduce slightly appetite and to stimulate a metabolism, belongs to group of so-called "fat burners".
• Hudiya extract. Properties of this South African cactus on suppression of appetite were found in 1937 when the Dutch anthropologist noticed that this plant was used by Bushmen for suppression of appetite in hungry times. Then researchers found out that substances from this plant render the effect acting through a hypothalamus. That is, the mechanism of their action is similar to effect of chemical of sibutramin. There are also similar side effects: neuroses, frustration of a dream, possible accustoming, the increased perspiration. Expressiveness of side effects is very individual.
• Extract of grape seeds – has antioxidant properties and strengthens a vascular wall. Has no relation to loss of weight.
• Mate extract – has the toning effect, accelerates energy release processes. This component is useful as a stimulator of cerebration and physical activity, than as means to weight loss more likely.
• Aloe extract Vera – contains anthraquinones which possess banal laxative action. Laxative isn't an effective remedy for weight reduction.
• Carnitine improves lipidic exchange, facilitates use of fat from fatty depots.
• Coenzyme Q10 – the powerful antioxidant, a power source for cages improving work of heart.

Carnitine, as well as coenzyme Q10, in itself are useful substances. They really facilitate loss of weight, but only together with observance of a diet and sufficient physical activity. The carnitine is actively used in case of sports activities as an additional power source; promote building-up of active muscle bulk. But all these effects matter only in case of radical change of a conduct of life and eating habits. Otherwise, the effect of these substances will be short and excess weight returns, even with increase. You can also like Hondramin.

Here only the operating components, that is substances which effect shall exert impact on weight loss are listed. Other components just give to medicine the form, color, taste. Two last substances are rather useful and effective in case of separate use as the additional help in weight reduction. There is no need to mix them with other means and even among themselves. The described "cocktail" doesn't give summed up from all components and therefore the strengthened effect of weight loss. Besides, there are no exact data on how all components of this dietary supplement interact among themselves. In this case it is more, doesn't mean better. Once again pay attention that there is no guarantee to find all declared substances in composition of this dietary supplement. Instead of some of them there can be something absolutely useless, or even dangerous.

Sitosterol

Beta sitosterol (beta sitosterin) is one of the most widespread fitosterol or vegetable sterols. Beta sitosterol has structural similarity to cholesterol, however differs from it in additional ethyl group. Cleared sitosterol represents white wax-like powder with a characteristic smell. Sitosterol isn't dissolved in water; we will well dissolve in alcohol.

Sitosterol in products

There are many plants which contain beta sitosterol, the greatest concentration is determined in wheaten germs, rice, flax, a peanut, soy, pumpkin sunflower seeds and corn oil. The research under the leadership of doctor Muli showed that the diet enriched with these vegetable products can increase concentration of sitosterol in plasma. Please pay attention to Koramine.

Effects of sitosterol

• The main effect of Sitosterol due to which it gained popularity depression levels of a harmful cholesterol in a blood therefore most often Sitosterin is used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Beta Sitosterol suppresses cholesterol absorption from a digestive tube, thanks to similarity in structure it competitively is bound to micelles, without allowing cholesterol to be acquired.
• One small research established that beta Sitosterin slows down loss of hair at men.
• In Europe Sitosterol is applied to treatment of a good-quality hypertrophy of a prostate, a carcinoma of a prostate, and breast cancer though the positive effect of treatment isn't proved yet.

Beta Sitosterin in bodybuilding

Beta Sitosterol will be often included in anabolic complexes, however it not only is senseless, but also can bring negative effect on a gain of muscle bulk. Producers claim that Sitosterin enlarges concentration of Testosteron in a blood, and it is the truth. However it occurs due to oppression of conversion of Testosteron in dihydrotestosterone. Whereas it is known that Testosteron has no anabolic effect, and the gain of weight goes at the expense of dihydrotestosterone into which it turns in an organism. "Attention" Thus, beta Sitosterin can break a gain of muscle bulk and reduce sexual desire.

Side effects

During clinical tests several low-dangerous side effects were recorded:

• Sitosterol can make a digestive disturbance, sick, meteorism
• impotency and depression of a libido that is bound to depression of level of dihydrotestosterone
• development of sitosterolemiya is a disease at which assimilation of Sitosterin is increased that leads to an occlusion of vessels of heart and adjournment of Sitosterol in tissues is in rare instances possible

Sintol

Sintol (Pamp-n-Pouz) is not anabolic medicine applied to local increase in volume of muscles and giving of an ideal form to them. Medicine was developed by the German chemist of Chris Clark in the 1990s. It is especially widespread in professional sport before competitions. The name "sintol" happens by analogy with reaction of nuclear synthesis, however this name has been already patented therefore in the subsequent sintol has begun to be on sale under a brand Pamp-and-Pouz (Pump-N-Pose - "download and pose"). Original sintol is officially positioned as oil for a posing with the formulation of "site enhancement oil" for free distribution.

Romario Dos Santos Alves the 25-year-old amateur bodybuilder from Brazil applying sintol to growth of muscles

Structure of sintol:

• 85% of oil - triglycerides (Medium Chain Triglycerides), for example kapril acid as a part of the Syntherol brand. The purified sesame and coconut oil is quite often applied.
• 7.5% of lidocaine as local anesthetic
• 7.5% of benzyl alcohol as preservative

According to Denis Borisov sintol such athletes as Fleks Wheeler, Jean Pierre Fuchs, Nasser El Sonbati, Markus Roel, Ernie Taylor, Ronni Koleman used.

Action mechanism

Sintol like formebolon promotes local increase in amount of a muscle in the place of an injection.

Producers keep composition of original medicine in secret, however some information about him nevertheless filters and often serves as a support for producers of counterfeit medicine. For example, Dan Ducheyn claimed as if in the analysis he found only fatty acids with 8 — 12 atoms of carbon in a molecule, lidocaine and benzyl alcohol. Please pay attention to Koramine.

Possible mechanism of action includes increase in amount of fibers due to absorption in them of oil or "flow" of fibers an oily base, and also a local inflammation which is followed by muscle hypostasis.

Application

Enter sintol 4 — 8 weeks rates: at first on 1 ml in a muscle with an interval of 3 — 5 days, then on 2 ml, and so until the muscle continues to increase in amount.

According to literature, sintol allows to increase a grasp of small muscles by 3 — 8 cm. It resolves rather slowly: some claim as if the main part of medicine is removed within several months.

Side effects

Use of sintol is followed by a series of serious side effects:

• Fatty embolism of lungs and brain that can lead to an infarct of a lung and an ischemic stroke
• Injury of nerves
• Infectious complications
• Sclerosing lipogranulomatosis of muscles, formation of cysts and ulcers
• Allergic reactions (vasculites)
• Esthetic problems (obvisaniye of muscles)

The inventor of sintol Chris Clark in an interview to the Flex magazine (July, 1998) speaks about full safety of drug, however it is possible to argue with it. Hit of oil in blood vessels can cause a fatty embolism with all that it implies. Even supporters of use of sintol in sport can't deny this danger. The case with the famous athlete Milos Sartsev confirmed it.

Consequences of sintol use

Responses of athletes in the press also let know that use of sintol does trainings very serious because of an excessive swelling of maculation. Naturally, it leads to reduction of duration and intensity of occupations. And hardly the person at whom arms are pumped up by something like a silicon needs to work intensively.

One more aspect of use of sintol is moral and ethical. Here opinion numerous "Mr. Olimpia" Doriana Yatsa: "My relation to sintol same, as well as to all implants. It is attempt to improve body build by cosmetic methods, avoiding the hard work doing bodybuilding by the real sport. As far as I understand, sintol doesn't increase results, and only inflates and distorts muscles. A strange, unnatural form of the delta and tuberous tricepses began to meet too often at competitions now. If manipulations with sintol and other implants aren't forbidden, the bodybuilding risks to lose that athletic attractiveness which all of us so appreciate".

Synthesis of steroid hormones

Switch which is responsible for synthesis of steroid hormones is the tsAMF cellular regulator. It and its connected enzyme (a protein A kinase) activate synthesis of steroid hormones. These stimulating peptide hormones send to gonads (gonads) and adrenals a signal to synthesize steroid hormones.

Let's notice that synthesis of steroid hormones can be suppressed with the high level of cholesterol in a blood. Production of steroids depends on synthesis of cholesterol in mitochondrion of cells which produce steroid hormones. As a rule, it occurs in a cortex of adrenals, cells of supremacies, follicles, a yellow body of ovaries, and also in a placenta. High level of cholesterol as it is told earlier, reduces synthesis of the cholesterol.

Transformation of cholesterol under the influence of steroid hormones causes the limited disintegration of the remains of cholesterol promoting body height of steroid hormone of pregnenolon "mothers of all steroid hormones", and also Progesteronum, Testosteron (and other androgens), estrogen, Aldosteronum and hydrocortisone.

Influence of fat and cholesterol on steroid hormones

According to the last researches cholesterol negatively influences synthesis of steroid hormones. When cholesterol reaches limit in the cells making steroids in an organism synthesis of this cholesterol, and also its transformation to steroid hormone pregnenolon is started. And when there is high cellular level of cholesterol, production of cholesterol is suppressed that leads to decrease of synthesis of steroid hormones. You can try Koramine.

Consumption of fats and carbohydrates needs to be controlled reasonably to guarantee full use by their organism. Excess accumulation of fats is capable to weaken synthesis of steroid hormones and to slow down body height of muscle bulk. Excess of carbohydrates or cholesterol can suppress synthesis of steroid hormones, same occurs also at deficiency of calories or fat.

The long fat-free, low-calorie diets can lead to suppression of steroids because of shortage of dietary fat, cholesterol and the energy necessary for production of steroids. Actually the use of products with the high content of fats by healthy people can promote production of steroids until the numbers of the consumed calories are enough for maintenance of vital activity of an organism.

From here a conclusion arises: if essential restrictions in food (that, according to orthodox dietarians, is the healthiest and correct way of weight reduction) lead to suppression of synthesis of steroid hormones in an organism, then the hyper alimentation can promote their production. Though council can seem to some people wrong to be engaged in gluttony.

It is necessary to understand that if the hyper alimentation is organized properly, then it can become the most effective way of stimulation of steroid processes, intensifying of sexual desire and augmentation of muscle bulk.

Circulation of energy

Synthesis of androgens depends on rate of development of energy. High circulation of energy is metabolic state which causes high power consumption and high power expenses. High circulation of energy forces an organism to transport the saved-up fat with high concentration of cholesterol through a blood to muscles and a liver where it will be transformed to energy. Thus, use of cholesterol at the cellular level leads to augmentation of synthesis of steroids.

Any set of exercises which develops muscles naturally enlarges ability of a body to take and spend energy. And again the lipolysis and use of cholesterol due to high circulation of energy helps to start development by adrenals of various steroid hormones.