Anabolic steroids - the Subclass S 1.1 and S 1.2

Anabolic steroids Subclass S 1.1

In 1895 Saechi has for the first time described communication between the mass of muscles and effect of male sex hormones — androgens. Sex hormones define sexual development of an organism and form primary and secondary sexual characteristics. In a female body female sex hormones — estrogen and progestins, and in men's — androgens prevail though blood of representatives of both floors contains also insignificant amount of the hormones inherent in an opposite sex. In an organism of men from 4 to 10 mg of testosterone, and women — only 0,15 — 0,4 mg are daily developed.

In sport interest in testosterone has appeared when in 1935 Kochacian and Murlin have found out that this male sex hormone stimulates not only development of secondary sexual characteristics, but also accumulation of protein in an organism. Testosterone affects a human body in two directions: promotes synthesis of proteins of skeletal muscles and partially myocardium muscles, reduces the content of fat in a body and changes his distribution. It manifestations of so-called anabolic activity of testosterone. Testosterone also promotes development of male sexual characters as primary — the initial growth of a penis, growth and development of seed bubbles, growth and development of a prostate gland, and secondary — density and placement of hair on a body and a face, a voice posterization, and some other. It manifestations of androgenic activity of testosterone.

Testosteron-Depotum and its derivatives (more than 30 natural and synthetic bonds having anabolic effect) carry the main male sex hormone to anabolic androgenic agents (AAS). On structure Testosteron-Depotum represents derivative tsiklopentanpergidrofenantren.

Testosteron-Depotum and its synthetic derivatives represent substances with the increased anabolic activity and is proportional the reduced androgenic activity. However doesn't exist and there can't be drugs of anabolic steroids with zero androgenic activity. The same can be told about Testosteron-Depotum and its various derivative (Aethers), and also their admixtures. Thus, harmless anabolic steroids don't exist.

The main effects of use of anabolic agents in sport during an initial stage of reception are: fast gain of muscle bulk (on condition of sufficient contents in a nutrition of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace substances) and prevention of its falling in the period of serious training loads. Owing to a gain of muscle bulk the augmentation of transversal section of a muscle is observed and, therefore, physical force, a recovery rate after exercise stresses are in proportion enlarged, the volume of transferable training loads increases.

Anabolic steroids are the most active class of bonds from all known anabolic agents. At the correct use they give an appreciable gain of body weight and augmentation of force of muscles. The gain of body weight is reached not only at the expense of muscular tissue, but also at the expense of augmentation of mass of internal organs — a liver, heart, kidneys etc. which however, is expressed less, than body height of muscle bulk.

Steroids in which androgenic qualities are reduced determine as "anabolic steroids", and in what androgenic qualities "androgenic steroids" prevail. Decrease in androgenic activity of medicine involves decrease in its anabolic qualities therefore anabolic steroid than initial testosterone, but at the same time has also lower anabolic qualities. The so-called mass steroids (which are most often applied by unfair athletes) come only from group of androgenic steroids where along with the increased androgenic qualities very strong anabolic are observed. Androgenic steroids not only are strong concerning their anabolic qualities, but also possess a large number of side effects. Sports doctors should know that the steroid is more effective, androgen and, therefore, is more dangerous to an organism.

In 1935 the Yugoslavian chemist L. Ruzhichka first-ever synthesized testosterone and its 17a-metilirovanny analog methyltestosterone on the basis of which many forms of anabolic steroids for oral application were received. In two years of testosterone propionate became the first industrially made medicine from group of androgenic steroids. In the 1940th years presence at testosterone in addition to androgenic activity properties was established that allowed to use it for treatment of the patients weakened by chronic malnutrition, mainly, the former prisoners of war. In the 1950th years others were for the first time synthesized, except methyltestosterone, derivatives of male sex hormones, and the task was initially set to synthesize medicines at which androgenic action would be the weakest, and anabolic — most expressed. American scientific L. Yoganson and D. O'Sha proved that under the influence of a dianabol in the course of the training there is a surplus of muscle bulk and force much quicker, anabolic steroids began to apply in such sports as weightlifting, track and field athletics throwings, sprinting, fight, swimming, etc. By 1964 many were available for sale anabolic means of the American production known today: sound board-durabolin, khalotestin, anavar, nilevar, stanozolol (vinstrol), primobolan (metanolona acetate), and also all kinds of injection medicines of testosterone. Speaking about separate medicines from this group, it should be noted especially testosterone, nandrolon (retabolit), stanozolol (stromba, vinstrol), metandienon (metandrostenolon, dianabol, nerobol) and tetrahydrogestrinon.

All anabolic steroid medicines are derivatives of testosterone of a synthetic origin. For production of the majority of anabolic means raw materials is the root of the Mexican sarsaparilla (Sarsaparilla, ่๑๏. zarza — blackberry, a ragga — a grapevine and ilia — is a little). The official name of a plant — Smilax. Belongs to the Smilacaceae family and includes types of officinalis, aristolochiaefolia, glabra, febrifuga, ornata, regelii, japicanga. Around the world there are 350 kinds of Smilax pps. In the wild nature this plant (types of S. officinalis, S. japicanga and S. febriftiga) grows in South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia), in Jamaica and other Caribbean countries, Mexico, Honduras (S. regelii, S. aristolochiaefolia, S. ornata), China (S. glabra). Sarsaparilla is the tropical long-term rod creeping on the ground clinging by means of short moustaches. Ligneous stalks are covered with sharp thorns, leaves arrow-shaped, evergreen. Small greenish-white florets grow from a sheet scape, forming an inflorescence an umbrella. The long klubnepodobny roots having sweetish taste are used. The root of a plant contains starch, pitches, alkaloids, tannin, sulfur, iron, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Sarsaparilla is rich with a valuable construction material for proteins — amino acids cysteine and methionine, and also contains vitamins, in particular In, (thiamine), and also the lecithin necessary for maintenance of integrity of membranes. Besides, roots of different types Smilax contain parigenin and acetyl-parigenin, astilibin and isoastilibin, kaffeol-shikimov acids, dihydrokvertsetin, diosgeninํ, engeletin and isoengeletin, essential oils, eukrefin, ferulovy acid, glyukopiranosida, kamferol, rarillin, pollinastanol, resveratol, to ramnoz, parillin, taksifolin and titogenin, and also saponina of steroid nature (R-sitosterol, e-sitosterol, sarsaponin, smilasaponina A-with, sarsaparil-lozid, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, A-E smiglazida, stigmasterol). Such versatile structure causes broad application of roots of a plant in traditional medicine. Do not forget take Mildronate for better results.

In medical practice anabolic agents are applied at an asthenia and a cachexia of a different parentage, after severe injuries and operations, combustions, trophic disorders, and also at treatment of chronic coronary heart disease, an atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure of the II-III Art., a rheumatic carditis; at a peptic ulcer of a stomach and a duodenum, a myopathy and the progressing muscular dystrophia, an eczema, a psoriasis, a chronic failure of adrenals, a Lorain's disease, a diffuse toxic struma.

Unfortunately, in the 1960th years anabolic steroids Testosteron-Depotum and Dianabolum (methandrostenolone) were the basis though forbidden, training of elite athletes, and their use was enlarged in a geometrical progression. Public statements of two athletes, very unknown were deification before, so far they didn't become in Tokyo in 1964 Olympic champions in track and field athletics, and only thanks to anabolic steroids.

Today such anabolic steroids as Testosteron-Depotum (omadren) and Testosteron-Depotum tsipionat, testerona fenpropionat, Testosteron-Depotum andecanoat, and also other anabolic steroids of various structure are very widespread:

• anavar (oksandrolon);
• anadrol (oksimetolon);
• andraktit (dihydrotestosterone);
• vinstrol (stanozolol);
• genabol (norboleton);
• danocrin (danazol);
• sound board-durabolin (nandrolon);
• dinabol (nandrolona tsipionat);
• durabolin(nandrolonafenilpropionat);
• metandienon (dianabol, metandrostenolon, nerobol);
• metandriol (metilandrostendiol);
• nilevar (noertandrolon);
• orabolin (etilestrenol), shouted-turinabol (4-hlorodegidrometiltestosteron);
• oranabol (ocsimesteron);
• orasteron (normetandrolon);
• primobolan (metanolona acetate) and primobolan-depot (metanolona enantat);
• prostanazol (dezmetilstanazolonatetragidropiranit);
• tetrahydrogestiron;
• trenbolone and finadhect (trenbolone acetate), trenabol-depot (trenbolone enantat), parabolan (trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate);
• khalodrol (chlorodehydrometilandrostendiol);
• khalotestin (fluoksimesteron);
• ekvipoiz (boldenona undezianat)

The representatives of synthetic anabolic steroids who are often used by unfair athletes are the stated below medicines.

Metandrostenolon (Methandrostenolonum; synonyms: dianabol, nerobol ("Gideon Richter"), BeAnabolex, Anabolin, Anaboral, Bionabol, DanaJ bol, Dehydromethyltestosteron, Dianabol, Distra-norm, Lanabolin, Metanabol, Metandienone, Metandienonum, Metastenol, Methastenon, Nabolin, Nerobol, Novabol, Perabol, Perbolin, Stenolon, Vanabol, etc.); chemical structure 17a - methyl - เํไ๐๎๑๒เไ่ๅํ - 1,4 - ๎๋ - 17 - beta it. On a chemical structure and biological effect it is close to testosterone and its analogs.

Release form: tablets on 5 mg. It has androgenic activity, however is much less active, than testosterone; at the same time renders the expressed anabolic effect. Androgenic action of metandrostenolon is 100 times less than similar effect of testosterone of propionate in case of approximately identical anabolic activity. Metandrostenolon was developed by John Ziegler to the middle of the 1990th years and since 1958 was made a type of tablets on 5 mg under trademark dianobol. Its production in the USA is stopped in 1972, however the Mexican illegal producers still continue synthesis and sale of this medicine under the same name. One of derivatives of metandrostenolon is oralturinabol, the chlorine atom having in the fourth provision. On the same basis it was synthesized boldenon. Both of them treat "design steroids", i.e. the received way of chemical modifying of a molecule of initial steroid hormone with the purpose to achieve higher anabolic effect.

Metilandrostendiol(Methylandrostendiolum; synonyms: Anadiol, Androdiol, Anormon, Diandrin, Diolostene, Masdiol, Mestendiol, Metandiol, Metandriol, Metasteron, Methandriol, Methandriolum, Methostan, Neosteron, Notandron, Novand-rol, Protandren, Stenediol, Stenosterone, Testodiol, Tonormon, Troformone); chemical structure 17a-metilandrosten-5-diol-Zr-17-ol. Release form: tablets on 10 and 25 mg. On a chemical structure and biological properties it is close to methyltestosterone, however differs in smaller androgenic activity at rather higher anabolic action. In this regard it can be applied at violations of proteinaceous exchange, rendering rather weak androgenic (maskuliniziruyushchy) effect.

Fenobolin (Phenobolinum; synonyms: durabolin, nandrolon-fenilpropionat, nandrolon (GDR), nerobolit, turabolit, ๒๓๐่ํเแ๎๋, Anaboline, Anabosan, Anticatabolin, Durabol, Durabolin, Hormobolin, Hormonabol, Metabol, Nanbolin, Nandrolin, Nandrolone phenylpropionate, Nandroloni phenylpropionas, Nandrolonum phenylpropionicum, Nerobolil, Norstenol, Superanabolon, Superbolin, Unabol, etc.); chemical structure 17(3 - oxy - 19 - holes - 4 - เํไ๐๎๑๒ๅํ - 3 - he - 17|3-fenilpropionat, or fenilpropionat a 19-nortestosterona.

Release form: and 2.5% solution (10 and 25 mg) in peach (nerobolit) ampoules on 1 ml of 1% or olive (fenobolin) oil. Is active, it is long the operating anabolic steroid. After a single injection the effect remains 7-15 days. It renders weak androgenic effect.

Retabolilum (Retabolil; synonyms: Abolon, Anabosan-Depot, Deca-Durabolin, Decanandroline, Dekanabol, Eubolin, Fortabolin, Hormoretard, Nandrolone decanoate, Nandroloni decanoas, Nortestosterondecanoat, Superbolan, Turinabol-Depo, etc.); chemical structure 19-holes-Testosteron-Depotum-173-dekanoat. The attachment 19-nor-means that in a molecule of Testosteron-Depotum there is no metalny group in the 19th situation. Drug has strong and long anabolic effect.

Release form: ampoules on 1 ml of 5% - ใ๎ solution (50 mg) in peach oil. After an injection the effect occurs in the first three days, reaches a maximum by seventh day and not less than three weeks proceed. In comparison with other synthetic anabolic steroids. In clinical practice it is used for treatment of a dystrophia, when recovering from injuries, operations, infarcts; it is prescribed even at children's age. At women drug increases hemoglobin level in a blood and reduces loss of calcium from a bone tissue. Phenobolinum possesses smaller androgenic (and viriliziruyushchy) action, than. In practice of sport unfair athletes use for rubbing in in a skin 19-holes-steroid drugs of norandrostendiol and norandrostendion in the form of solutions in vials. Terms of removal such forms of drug are rather short, especially against the background of trainings when there is an intensive diaphoresis.

Silabolinum is chemical structure estren 4 - ๎l - 17|3 - it - 3-trimetilsililovy air. Has the prolonged anabolic effect.

Release form: ampoules on 1 ml of 2,5 or 5% solution in olive oil (25 or 50 mg). After a single injection the effect lasts 10 — 14 days. Medicine has insignificant androgenic activity.

Tetragidrogestrinon (TGG) - Information on this medicine extremely poor. TGG represents modification of trenbolone, an anabolic steroid which is stronger in hundreds than a nandrolon, or perhaps and in thousands of times. The raw materials applied to production of TGG are unknown, however, so far as well as when it was precisely invented. It is possible to assume that formed a basis for creation of TGG gestrinon which is known long ago and is used for treatment of female infertility. As the anabolic steroid is included into the List of the forbidden substances and methods as the structure of its molecule reminds and nandrolon, and trenbolone is the known anabolic medicines. Gestrinon as anabolic steroid is ineffective, however, if to carry out tetrahydrorecovery, then TGG turns out. Any chemical modifying of a molecule with the purpose to achieve strengthening of its any physiological effect is called design. Almost not studied there are side effects from the use of this medicine. However, as it is specified in the press release of WADA, it is possible to assume that application of TGG will lead to alopetion and impotence at men and virilization and to girsutism for women.

Anabolic activity of this or that medicine is defined in relation to anabolic activity of testosterone which is accepted to unit. Androgenic activity in relation to androgenic activity of testosterone is similarly expressed. The relation of anabolic activity to androgenic is called the anabolic index (AI).

From here it is clear that the most valuable is that medicine which has the greatest anabolic index as an indicator of the greatest prevalence of anabolic activity over androgenic. Anabolic and androgenic activity of various medicines according to different authors where as the standard testosterone is used is given.

For understanding of mechanisms of action of anabolic steroids it is necessary to have a clear view of their chemical structure and communication of activity with a structure of a molecule of this or that derivative testosterone

General structure of steroid connections

Tetracyclic hydrocarbon with the metilny radical - CH3 in situation 13, sometimes in provisions 10, 1, 7 is the cornerstone of all anabolic steroids. Very presence of the radical of different length in situation 17 is important. Has the largest duration of action retabolit with the longest radical in situation 17: - 0-C=0 ~ CH-(CH2)8-CH3. The anabolic effect after single introduction of j of retabolil remains within three months. Shorter radical having in situation 17 is in the second place on duration of action fenobolin. Its anabolic effect after single introduction remains up to 14 days.

Direct dependence between length of the radical of and duration of action is explained by the fact that in case of its lengthening solubility in lipids as the radical contacts lipids of an organism increases and forms depot in cellulose.

The explanation and various efficiency of the accepted means follows from structure and the mechanism of action of anabolic steroids. On chemical structure anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone with the reduced androgenic activity and kept (or increased) — anabolic.

Presence of the metalny radical — CH3 in a provision 17 gives to anabolic steroids hepatotoxic properties. Therefore such medicines as, for example, metandrostenolon, having a metal radical in a provision 17, usually apply together with the medicines improving function of a liver.

From 1950 to 1970 in the world hundreds of substances of new anabolic steroids which effect is researched in experiments on animals were synthesized. However only the small number of these medicines underwent clinical approbation and received entry into the pharmaceutical market. Let's sweep aside that a number of perspective developments of Gideon Richter (Hungary) were bought up by Americans on so-called grants of George Soros and formed the basis of developments of the modern medicines used in practice of sports preparation.

Since a certain impact of anabolic funds for muscular structures was revealed, these medicines are in sight of the scientists working in the sphere of sports medicine. In scientific literature there is a great number of references to experiences with anabolic steroids. Most of them is executed in the countries of the West, first of all, in the USA.

Of course, it doesn't mean that in the countries of the former socialist camp such researches weren't conducted. In particular, anabolic steroids were widely used by athletes of the former GDR, and, therefore, in it scientific research in this direction was carried out. However these works had confidential character, their results weren't published openly in the scientific medical and pharmacological periodical press and therefore to us they, unfortunately, behind very rare exceptions, are unavailable. Therefore further we will refer mainly to works of researchers of the USA and Western Europe (to us only the works on some anabolic steroids, in particular, on nerobola which are openly carried out to the USSR to an official prohibition on use of these substances in sport are known). In the late eighties — the beginning of the 1990th years it became clear that anabolic steroids are the effective ergogen remedies significantly increasing power qualities, sports working capacity and endurance.

Action of Testosteron-Depotum and its derivatives on an organism of the athlete is well studied. Testosteron-Depotum gives the expressed anabolic effect, i.e. enlarges muscle bulk and influences a nervous system, taking off effects of fatigue and lifting the general tonus and a spirit, "fighting spirit". It is felt after several injections containing 50 mg of Testosteron-Depotum in the form of an Aether of organic acid, for example, of propionic. There are injection drugs of Testosteron-Depotum with very high single dose — to 250 mg. It is the only anabolic steroid in sports practice used on the eve of start.

What features of pharmacological action of anabolic steroids and their use in practice of sport? First of all, it is the effects promoting rising of sports effectiveness. The phenomena described below became perceptible both athletes, and objective observers, and are generalized in the famous monograph of JI. A. Ostapenko and M. V. Klestov (2002).

Body height of power indicators happens thanks to the fact that anabolic steroids, strengthening a biosynthesis of protein in an organism, enlarge thickness of myofibrillar elements (an actin and a myosin) providing muscular contraction. Certainly, it is reached only at the accompanying serious training and the corresponding albuminous delivery. Some strength gain can be carried out at the expense of augmentation of "fabric levers" as a result of ascending of volume of cellular liquid (sarcoplasm) and the general delay of water. But this, certainly, temporary phenomenon, especially, if, seeking to enter weight category, the athlete to competitions dumps" water.

Unconditional is the fact that anabolic steroids increase synthesis of a fosfokreatan and adenosine triphosphate, and also accelerate resynthesis of ATP, the hard muscular work which is spent in case of accomplishment. Increasing activity of the enzymes responsible for synthesis of a glycogen in muscular tissue, steroids also increase energy potential of muscle cells, positively influence sports working capacity and considerably intensify processes of recovery and superrecovery after the training occupations. Increasing concentration of calcium and phosphates in a muscle cell, anabolic steroids promote more powerful and effective muscular contractions. Some authors specify that steroids are capable to reduce effect of physiological wear of a muscular protein as a result of a heavy training.

The growth in volumes of muscles when using anabolic steroids logically follows from the stated above data. The main factors responsible for it, growth miofibrill, increase in amount of sarkoplazma and a hypertrophy of the mitochondrial device of a cage are. Undoubtedly, such result is possible only in case of the corresponding training and a diet. One more significant factor — effect of increase in amount of the circulating blood.

When using anabolic steroids also reduction of content of fat in an organism is observed. However it isn't absolutely clear yet by means of what mechanisms this effect is reached. Some specialists charge this phenomenon to release of the increased amount of free fatty acids and their use as a power source in case of hard muscular work. Besides, as muscles are metabolic active, constantly updated fabric, increase in percent of muscle bulk in an organism leads to increase in rates of metabolism in general and to the accelerated energy expenditure even at rest. It is clear, that in these conditions fatty acids are also more actively consumed from depot.

Increase in respiratory (respiratory) speed and endurance can also be performed by application of anabolic means. Due to increase in quantity of mitochondrions muscle cells purchase the raised capability to utilize oxygen in case of intense trainings therefore endurance increases. Perhaps, even more significant is increase of level of cortisol, the stressful hormone produced by adrenal glands which influences breath depth. Some authors specify also increase in content of hemoglobin in blood that promotes effective transport of oxygen to the working muscles that too stimulates endurance.

Increase in quantity and general gleam of vessels of muscular tissue (capillarization) can also be a consequence of acceptance of anabolic steroids. As a result of their use arterial pressure can increase a little, and the amount of blood increases for the account of both cellular, and plasma components. It is supposed that it causes effect of expansion of a gleam of blood vessels that improves inflow of blood to the working muscles. Best "filling" of muscles is as a result felt. Such phenomenon is called "a steroid rating" which, except obvious cosmetic effect, increases operability of muscles.

Reducing time of recovery after injuries or intensive loadings is explained by the fact that anabolic steroids promote acceleration of synthesis of proteins and delay of an ekskretion of nitrogen. As a result the recovery period is reduced, and training occupations become more effective.

Emergence of an opportunity to perform the bigger volume of training work with the increased intensity — one more effect of use of anabolic steroids. Most likely, it is result of increase of ability of an organism to resynthesis of a kreatinfosfat (KF) without which enough muscles very quickly get tired. At reception of anabolic steroids the buffer capacity of blood (generally at the expense of proteinaceous and gemoglobin buffers) increases therefore increase in concentration of lactic acid happens more slowly. Besides, tendency to an overtraining which threatens with the increased disintegration (catabolism) of muscle cells of miotsit decreases.

Anabolic steroids also lead to emergence of some specific psychological effects. General psychological "rise", desire to train and succeed, emergence of "combativity" concern to them improvement of mental abilities, ability is better to concentrate, growth of tolerance to pain (pain threshold), the irreconcilable attitude towards weak personal effectiveness, ability to set the purposes and to reach them.

Also others are noted, the phenomena accompanying reception of anabolic steroids. The increased ability to accumulate a muscular glycogen (fuel for power trainings) and to accumulate a food protein, to stimulate eritro-and leykopoez, to improve the immune status of an organism, regeneration processes is noted. Also some hypertrophy of heart, reduction of time of reaction of muscles and improvement of "muscle memory" which allows athletes to return quicker to the reached high level of effectiveness once is observed.

At the use of anabolic steroids force and muscle bulk grow much quicker, than there are corresponding changes in sinews and connecting fabrics that in case of the maximum loads can lead to injuries. Besides, reception of anabolic steroids causes decrease in viscosity of muscular tissue owing to a delay of water and sodium that leads to reduction of elasticity of muscles (subjectively estimated as "delayed onset muscle soreness" or "downtroddenness"), and also complicates ability to develop full-fledged muscular efforts. All this promotes predisposition to injuries of muscles and the copular device during the training occupations and competitions.

Expressiveness of the steroids of anabolic effects expected from reception is connected with three main reasons.

• Ability of anabolic steroids to activation of synthesis of protein in sceletal muscles and to change of the direction of nitric exchange (with negative on positive) in muscular tissue. Apparently, anabolic steroids show the effects thanks to accession of their molecules to androgen receptors of a plasmatic membrane with the subsequent translocation in a core and interaction with nuclear chromatin. Differences in clinical effects of various anabolic steroids are caused by type and the number of the receptors involved in interaction the androgen, and also the enzymes controlling a metabolism of steroid hormones in muscular tissue (11-, 18-, 19-, 21 hydroxylases, isomerases, a Z-R-oksisteroid-degidrogenaza, 20 desmolase, transmethylases, etc.).
• Active involvement in process of receptors of glucocorticoid hormones that can cause anticatabolic effects of blocking of glyukokortikoid inhibition of albuminous synthesis in the period of a stress owing to intensive exercise stresses.
• Emergence in the athlete of signs of euphoria and aggression at simultaneous depression of fatigability that is caused by reception of anabolic steroid hormones (Zalessky, Dynnik, 2007).

The mechanism of action of anabolic steroids at the cellular level is very difficult that is characteristic not only of anabolic steroids, but also of steroid hormones in general. After an injection in a muscle the anabolic steroid gets to blood. At oral administration (for example, in the form of tablets, capsules or powders) the anabolic steroid through digestive tract comes to a liver, and then to the blood course, and with current of blood is carried on all organism, reaching structures targets: cells of skeletal muscles, hair sacks, sebaceous glands, certain sites of a brain and some endocrine glands which contain specific receptors. The receptor connects a steroid molecule; the formed complex is transported in a cellular kernel (we will notice that only free molecules of an anabolic steroid are capable to form such complexes with a receptor; 99% of all quantity of steroids in blood exist in the plasma connected with proteins to a form, and only 1% is in a free form). Then the complex a steroid — a receptor joins nuclear DNA that causes activation of synthesis of information RNA. The RNA formed as a result of this process leaves a kernel, bearing new information, and connects to ribosomalny RNA in cage cytoplasm owing to what on ribosomes protein synthesis begins. Strengthening of proteinaceous synthesis provides increase in number of proteinaceous molecules thanks to what there is a growth of volume and force of skeletal muscles. But muscles don't begin to grow and get stronger in itself, steroid influence only provides the fertile field for such growth. To use the new, increased thanks to an anabolic steroid potential of a skeletal muscle, it needs to be stimulated periodically, i.e. to subject to a constant training. Without training stimulation process of proteinaceous exchange will go in the opposite direction that will lead to an atrophy of skeletal muscles.

In a human body there is a continuous synthesis new and disintegration of old proteinaceous molecules between which quantity there is a certain balance. Exactly thanks to it the metabolism, i.e. replacement of old fabrics with new is also performed. As it is considered to be, anabolic steroids influence this cycle, strengthening potential opportunities of muscular tissue at the expense of again synthesized protein and breaking the developed balance between new cages and dying off century advantage of the first. Use by unfair athletes of anabolic steroids provides them one more important benefit connected with the strengthened education in KF organism. Exactly thanks to the kreatinfosfatny mechanism a considerable part of additional "force" which is provided by steroids is formed. It is considered, for example, that anavar (oksandrolon) considerably strengthens biosynthesis of KF in muscles. Possibly, for this reason many athletes note what anavar increases power indicators without visible increase in body weight. In case of regular hit of anabolic steroids in a muscle cell there is a strengthened digestion of nitrogen, i.e. the positive nitrogenous balance is observed.

Assume also that increase in amount, forces and the mass of muscles can be connected with increase under the influence of anabolic steroids of amount of blood in an organism. For example, in case of acceptance of steroids within two-three weeks the total amount of blood increases by 10 — 20%. It, in turn, leads to strengthening of inflow of blood to the working muscles during the training occupations. Such phenomenon is called "the steroid pump". Except that this "pump" "pumps up" the size of muscles, increasing their amount and relief, perhaps, it also provides also strengthening of operability of muscles. Growth of operability of muscles predetermines, in turn, increase in training loads also becomes an incentive for new growth. Besides, increase in amount of blood in an organism, thanks to availability of a large number of erythrocytes, provides increase in inflow of oxygen to muscles. Increase in amount of blood in an organism under the influence of anabolic steroids especially well affects endurance of athletes. After the termination of steroid therapy the amount of plasma of blood returns to initial level, and the quantity of red blood cells remains at the previous increased level that can be established on increase in gematokrit. Such increase in content of hemoglobin in blood promotes growth of aerobic potential. It is easy to notice that this effect is similar to the effect reached in case of use of blood dope which is illegally used by many athletes of a world class. Use of steroids provides increase in mass of red blood cells by the end of a steroid cycle and provides preserving this effect within a month after the end of application of anabolic steroids. It should be noted that so far there is no unambiguous judgment whether anabolic effects of steroids (increase in amount of muscles and power characteristics) or their action is caused only by specific features of an organism.

It is supposed also that at the athletes accepting these medicines content in a glycogen organism increases. One more link between use of anabolic steroids and growth of muscles is decrease of the activity of catabolic hormone of cortisol. It is known that some anabolic means possess a capability more effectively to influence cortisol, than others. For example, metandienon has the exclusive force of impact on cortisol; perhaps, thanks to this capability it is so effective.

The molecules of steroids containing in blood are caught by receptors of certain target organs what it was told above about. After the molecule transfers the information message, it appears again in a blood-groove from which can get into a target organ again. Such cycle can be repeated several times, up to metabolic transformation and elimination from an organism with urine.

Metabolism of various anabolic steroids in a human body happens differently. Testosterone, for example, having got to an organism, quickly turns into dihydrotestosterone which already possesses other influence as contacts the receptors other than testosterone receptors. Of testosterone it is characteristic as well "aromatization", i.e. transformation into estrogen (female sex hormone). Understand reaction of an organism to excess of testosterone therefore the aromatization mechanism as a way of metabolic biotransformation and a detoxication of testosterone intensively begins to function as this term. Testosterone or androgens at the same time turn into estrogen. It is just that reaction from which users of anabolic steroids take great pain "to be protected". Most often aromatization happens when using steroids to strong androgenic properties and existence of double communications in A. S's ring to it connect a number of side effects which is most often found from which — development of chest glands in men (ginekomastiya). Development of this effect can be reduced, observing optimum, a dosage of medicines, and also limiting application of anabolic steroids with strong androgenic action. Some steroids are easily flavored that causes intensive accumulation of estrogen and manifestation of side effects. Such steroids as dianabol, testosterone, 17a-methyltestosterone are easily flavored.

Molecules of one anabolic steroids keep activity within several weeks, others — are quickly metabolized, turning into weaker, ineffective forms in several days after hit in an organism. Finally, almost all anabolic steroids are removed from an organism with urine in the form of conjugates with glyukuron or sulfuric acids.

Some of anabolic steroids have considerably bigger efficiency. Efficiency of impact also in many respects depends on specific features of an organism of the user. The medicines having the greatest anabolic effect promote growth of fabrics most. Though such medicines as anavar, vinstrol and primobolan, traditionally call medicines with high extent of anabolic impact, at the same time means that their anabolic properties it is expressed prevail over androgenic (a high androgenic index). Actually medicines, a similar anadrola, a dianabola and to testosterone, their listed above analogs have much bigger anabolic effect, than. Some injection anabolic steroids (a sound board-durabolin, metandienon, susta-non-250 and parabolan), being in blood, possess the raised capability to unite with the necessary receptors as they can be in a free form longer. At the same time a lot of things depend on the number of receptors in muscles of the specific athlete. The fact that some athletes, accepting small doses of anabolic steroids, continuously increase result is explained by it, and for others even high doses of strong medicines are ineffective.

Receptors are available for some athletes in atypical zones. So, for example, certain anabolic steroids cause appearance of eels, rashes, and in others in one persons - No, that depends on activity of the receptor device in skin. The fact that at some athletes, even at high doses of testosterone, increase in chest glands isn't observed is also explained by it, and at others the ginekomastiya is noted. It is possible to assume that one individuals in fabrics of chest gland have very large number the estrogen receptors, and for others — insignificant. This factor has to be considered by athletes who, despite the ban and risk to be convicted of taking stimulants, decide to use nevertheless anabolic steroids in practice of preparation.

Besides a genetic factor, an important point also age activity of receptors to the corresponding anabolic steroids is represented. There are data according to which at young people aged up to 20 years activity of receptors the greatest. Anabolic steroids at this age are better acquired and yield the maximum result. Thus, representatives of this age group can accept small doses during longer period of time and try to obtain a bigger gain of effectiveness, than the person of more advanced age.

Results of the last researches demonstrate that the decrease of the activity of receptors leading to reduction of number of the steroid molecules getting to a cage begins on the third week of a cycle of reception of the forbidden anabolic steroids. Also it has become clear that the positive nitrogenous balance — primary sign of anabolic influence of a steroid — won't be observed if constantly not to increase a dosage of medicines that is caused by quite fast and progressing decrease in sensitivity of receptors in relation to exogenous steroids. At the excessive duration of steroid cycles receptors turn out to such an extent restimulated exogenous steroids that they even cease to react to endogenous androgens. Thus, by the principle of feedback reception of anabolic steroids leads to violations of a hormonal homeostasis of an organism of the athlete.

From all list of the known medicines only very limited number of means can be used by female athletes. It is important to note that even at the lowest dosage, any of these steroids can cause emergence of the physiological signs characteristic of men. It occurs because any quantity of the anabolic steroid which has come to female endocrine system causes in it serious changes. Anabolic steroids, are synthetic derivatives of male sex hormones and therefore can cause undesirable reactions in an organism of women.

Unfortunately, in a pursuit of result athletes often don't think of consequences of reception of steroids (not to mention sports not ethics of use of testosterone and its analogs) therefore in the nearest future the problems connected with use of these banned drugs will remain. For this reason we take up this question for obtaining necessary information on negative consequences of reception of doping anabolic steroids.

Anabolic steroids always cause a certain damage to health of the athlete. A number of researches indicates a possibility of emergence of many negative consequences in 15 — 20 years after the end of administration of drugs. The nature of manifestations of side effect of anabolic steroids in essential degree depends on a number of factors among which are the most important: individual reaction to medicine; sexual and age differences; existence of sharp or chronic diseases; dose size; medicine reception duration. Especially quickly develop and are more expressed negative side effects of reception of anabolic steroids at children and teenagers. Their negative impact on a female and youthful body (tab. 3.7) is very high.

Side effects of long use of Testosteron-Depotum are well-known too. On a feedback mechanism it constantly oppresses production of endogenic hormone at men that leads to any pathological states after the termination of a course, for example, gynecomastias. At women the voice considerably grows coarse and there is hypertrichosis on a face, extremities and other places where usually plentiful pilosis doesn't meet.

Side effects of various anabolic steroids can be generalized as follows. Unlike stimulators which allow to use a reserve stock of forces of an organism anabolic steroids enlarge it and allow the athlete to sustain loads several times more than usual. However the intervention in normal hormonal activity causes harmful side effects, first of all, such as body height of tumors, implication of mental syndromes, hepatic and renal dysfunction. Besides, this emergence of acne inherent to all anabolic steroids, a liquid clump in tissues.

Dysfunctions of cardiovascular system, including, changes in lipide exchange, the shown decrease of maintenance of the lipoproteins of high density (LPVP) preventing an atherosclerosis, augmentation of quantity of atherogenous LPNP are very characteristic of reception of these drugs. From cardiovascular system of athletes at reception of anabolic steroids also established augmentation of mass of a cardiac muscle without adequate augmentation of supply with its blood is among disturbances (it observed at University of anatomy in Cologne only at experimental animals).

The liver lesion also belongs to side effects of anabolic steroids. In functional assays the indicators which aren't meeting standard are observed: activity rising an alanine - and aspartate aminotransferases and gamma that indicates disturbance of integrity of hepatocytes. There are indicatings on existence of inflammatory processes and emergence of a hepatocellular carcinoma.

At reception of anabolic steroids mental disturbances are observed: euphoria, aggression augmentation. Emergence of dependence is noted (for example, developing of a depression after the termination of administration of drugs). There occur also changes in the sex sphere (rising or, on the contrary, weakening of a libido).

There is no synthetic anabolic steroid which isn't possessing an androgenic side effect which is especially shown at women now. Usually the following effects of virilescence take place: voice coarsening because of inspissation of tissues of a larynx (is irreversible); the augmentation of a clitoris (is irreversible); emergence of a pilosis on men's type (for example, body height of hair on a chin); changes in fat distribution (for example, decrease of fatty tissue of thoracal glands); changes of a menstrual cycle. Side effects from use of anabolic steroids for men are, except a gynecomastia, decrease of volume of testicles and emergence oligo-and an aspermia that results in sterility at men; change of the drawing of a pilosis; fatty deposits.

As a result of growth stop of cartilages in bones under the influence of anabolic steroids at children and young athletes is observed the premature termination of growth.

Symptoms of a sharp renal failure owing to rabdomioliz are described at the athletes who are going in for bodybuilding against the background of constant reception of considerable doses of anabolic steroids. The combination of steroid medicines with the nutritional supplements containing creatine very often causes development of signs of damage of a kidney parenchyma with formation of a membrane-bound glomerulonefrit.

Even cases of emergence of a tumor of Vilms against the background of the accelerated aging (though in 95% of cases this malignant new growth of kidneys which is shown only at early children's age) at the athletes finishing sports performances are described and it is long using anabolic steroids. It can testify to a possible role of steroids to show properties of pro-motors of tumoral growth or initiators of process of carcinogenesis.

Depression of humoral and cellular links of immunity when any infection becomes very dangerous to the athlete belongs to quickly arising side effects at use of anabolic steroids. After the termination of reception of anabolic steroids there comes the phase of depression of an immunobiological reactivity of an organism which is characterized by the raised susceptibility to illnesses.

Symptoms of psychological dependence on the anabolic steroids (applied in high dosages) often remind drug addiction from opiates. In this regard the developing nervous system at teenagers can be especially vulnerable to collateral reactions of anabolic steroids. The youthful age is also bound to lack of "mature" resistance to reactions, including disorders of mood. Therefore further search of proofs of existence of direct connections between the hormonal level (Gonadotropinums, androgens of adrenals), an emotional disposition and aggressive behavior at athletes is extremely important that it demands their detailed analysis in the future. However already now it is possible to note that the high hormonal background exerts appreciable impact on formation of collateral psychological reactions of anabolic steroids at teenage athletes.

Athletes shall understand the obvious fact that anabolic means are not only prohibited, but also very strong medicines. Therefore, caring not only for achievement of good results, but also for sports longevity and health, it is necessary to refuse their application in general.

We can't but mention some medicines which were created as substitutes of anabolic steroids. It is first of all about pro-hormones and stimulators of development of endogenous testosterone. As L. A. Ostapenko and M. V. Klestov (2002) note, certain medicines of pharmacological quality which will still certify as dietary additives are widely applied now. In spite of the fact that most of them carry to dopes, they freely are on sale practically worldwide (including in Ukraine). It is first of all about pro-hormones of several generation and stimulators of development of endogenous testosterone. The sports public concerns to them ambiguously. One consider these medicines something like placebo, others claim that it is the modified testosterone formulas for oral and transkutan application.

Pro-hormones are the connections close on structure and properties to testosterone and 19-holes-testosterone (nandrolon). For the first time pro-hormones were applied by athletes of high qualification from the former GDR. They entered these means in the form of nasal sprays just before start for the purpose of increase in aggression and sports working capacity. In subsequent the subject seemed perspective to many scientists working in the sphere of sports medicine and dietary additives and received continuation in development of new medicines and forms of their delivery in an organism.

In 1996, in the USA absolutely legally, even without recipe, began to sell degidroepiandro-steron (DHEA). This steroid hormone is naturally produced by an organism, and its additive in a diet (25 — 50 mg a day) lifts vitality, reduces displays of a depression and has small anabolic effect. (Further all names of pro-hormones will be provided only in their diolny form as such form was the most perspective and gave the chance of receipt of effective pro-hormonal medicines on the basis of molecular modifying.) After DHEA in the American market the means steroid additives of the next generation appeared: androstendiona and norandrostendiona which were officially certified as DD. Industrial synthesis of an androstendion and androstendiol in 1997 was adjusted by Patrick Arnold, and in 1998 in industrial synthesis by Derek Cornelius, leading expert of widely well-known company on production of sports food "Syntrax Innovation", received norandrostendion. It was in the late nineties finally proved that products of metabolism of nandrolon, are developed by a human body. The last several years the American market of steroid pro-hormones sharply increased, but on October 22, 2004 all 18 pro-hormones were forbidden by the Congress of the USA. The prohibition came into force since January 15, 2005. However DHEA the prohibition didn't concern — it unique remained allowed for use.

The medical commission of the IOC applied the term "over-the-counter drug" to designation that this or that steroid medicine doesn't demand the recipe, and his sale isn't registered in any way and isn't monitored, i.e., translating literally, he passes the pharmaceutical counter (counter). Now scientists and officials of the IOC have come to a consensus concerning the term "pro-hormones", but sometimes use the term "precursor" if they want to emphasize that this pro-hormone is a predecessor of this steroid hormone. So, for example, 4-androstendiol and 4-androstendion are testosterone precursors, and their 19-holes-analogs are respectively precursors of a nandrolon (a 19-nortestosteron or a retabolil). Researches have shown that terms of removal of pro-hormones it is much less, than usual anabolic steroids, i.e. at the athlete was much less chances to be disqualified owing to application of the forbidden anabolic steroids. Nevertheless reception of pro-hormones put athletes in unequal conditions.

Taking into account stated the Russian permanent committee on control of drugs by the resolution N ฐ 2/85-2002 of October 28, 2002 in the List of strong substances to which all narcotic substances belong, has included also anabolic steroids and the main pro-hormones: 19-norandrostenediol, 19-norandrostenedion. Testosterone as the main men's hormone isn't included in this list.

Stimulation of anabolic processes in muscle cells and increase in inventories of ATP is necessary for optimum impact on muscle growth and force. It is provided best of all 19-holes-4-androstendion and 19-holes-4-androstendiol, applied in a combination. Increase in level of hormone in a male body as the last promotes biosynthesis of testosterone and transformation of pro-hormones into testosterone is at least important. Due to the prohibition of pro-hormones, researches on search new the ergogennykh of medicines of such action allowed to establish that such effect the extract from a grass of yakor-ets of creeping (Tribulus terrestris) made earlier in the USA, Bulgaria, Russia, and now — under the name "Power Max. Tribulus" (LLC Biotek, Kiev) and in Ukraine has. It should be noted that extract from a grass of Tg. terrestris isn't entered in a list of banned drugs (perhaps only because test systems are still not developed for its determination).

Tr. terrestris concerns to family comes from the Mediterranean, but as the weed (and quite harmful) grows in moderately warm zones of the adjacent countries, generally on the Balkans, the South of Ukraine and Russia. From the chemical point of view biologically Tr active agents. terrestris represent mix of steroid saponin, and also flavonoids and alkaloids. Steroid saponina and flavonoids cause very wide range of biological activity of extracts of this plant. They stimulate biosynthesis of endogenous testosterone. The expected mechanism includes development activation by hypophysis of hormone. Besides, saponina and flavonoids of Tr. terrestris reduce the level of lipids, stimulate cardiovascular and nervous systems. Some of them possess soft diuretic action.

Medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris within several centuries are used in traditional medicine of Balkan countries and the adjacent territories. For example, they are very popular in Bulgaria as infertility and impotence medicine. Researches of the last years confirmed their efficiency. Significant improvement of mobility of spermatozoa, improvement of an erection under the influence of medicines on the basis of Tribulus is noted. Also the amount of saponin from this plant under the name "tribusponin" enters an official Pharmacopoeia as gipolipidemic means.

Property of medicines on the basis of Tr. terrestris to increase the level of endogenous testosterone initially drew to them attention of the athletes specializing in strength sports. There are data that the Bulgarian weight-lifters in the 1960th years used them in case of building-up of muscle bulk. Subsequently with the same purpose they were widely applied also by body builders. Besides, some authors recommend to use medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris for increase in chronically reduced level of testosterone (first of all, after acceptance of high doses of anabolic steroids). The result at the same time is shown within the first week of acceptance.

Side effects of medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris are connected first of all with increase in level of testosterone. At women and children the virilization therefore it isn't recommended to apply medicine women and teenagers up to 18 years can be observed. Idiosyncrasy to some saponina is possible. In that case it is necessary to cancel medicine or to use antiallergic means. In some cases the phenomena of easy gastrointestinal frustration which are also undergoing later medicine cancellations are observed. Properties of the separate widely used medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris are described in chapter 2.

Thus, medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris aren't carried to doping, have rather wide scope and good efficiency in case of a minimum of side effects. The best modern medicines for a stmulyation of synthesis of testosterone include a complex of saponin Tr. terrestris as an anti-estrogenic component. Also they often contain extract of a grass Sow Palmetto which is slowing down proliferation and growth of cells of a prostate gland. In addition to increase in physical working capacity when using medicines on the basis of Tg. terrestris, the athletes controlling quantitative and qualitative indexes of the reproductive function note improvement of physiological properties of sperm: increase in density, increase in quantity of spermatozoa and their mobility, growth of level of fructose and ATP.

Existence of a significant amount of synthetic derivatives of testosterone and their use by unfair sport exchanges led to acceptance of adequate measures from WADA. The medical commission of the IOC and the international sports federations emphasize that advantages which are got by the user of actually synthetic anabolic steroids are unfair on. to the attitude towards other athletes. It determines both drastic measures, and a drug test order for using anabolic steroids.

Establishment of the fact of reception of testosterone and its derivatives was and remains to one of the most complex problems in modern anti-doping control in connection with metabolic and pharmacokinetic features of medicine. Natural testosterone circulates in blood, intensively metabolizes, turning into 17-keto-metabolites, first of all androsteron and his derivatives. Doping, i.e. exogenous testosterone, is also involved in intensive metabolism, and through short time as if disappears. Metabolites of natural hormone are removed with urine which is selected for the analysis of doping control samples and in which own content of testosterone is very insignificant. In this regard it is rather difficult to prove the doping fact. In case of registration in test of existence of metabolites of nandrolon or stanozolol doping is taken for granted. It wasn't possible to distinguish endogenous testosterone from exogenous long time — till 1984 therefore testosterone as dope wasn't defined in any way.

Though it was known that after testosterone introduction its concentration increases, then smoothly decreases, however this dynamics is visible only at a laboratory experiment. When carrying out a drug test there is only one test with this concentration. Measurement of this one concentration doesn't give finally the answer to a question of use of exogenous testosterone as natural testosterone is present at urine of men and women in quite wide range of concentration — from 10 to 100 ng-ml "1 and more.

Professor M. Donike, the founder and the director of Institute of biochemistry of sport began to determine by the first testosterone as dope (Anti-doping laboratory in Cologne). It synthesized MSTFA reagent which turned molecules of testosterone, anabolic means and their metabolites into connections, convenient for the analysis. Then it became accepted to measure not concentration of testosterone, but the relation of concentration of testosterone (T) and epitestosteron (E), its natural isomer which role and origin were at that time absolutely unknown. Testosterone introduction sharply changed the T relation to E. Unit has been taken for norm of relation า/ล. Though the dispersion of า/ล values was high too — from 0,1 to 3,5 and even above, nevertheless, at า/ล> 6 it was possible to claim that it is doping test positive. Then was the size of relation า/ล in population of athletes and healthy unexercised people is removed and the procedure of the analysis has been in details fulfilled This procedure of definition of testosterone is entered at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984.

However in connection with the accounting of specific features and technical difficulties of definition there were first false positive results of measurement of level of testosterone that was just unacceptable. In Norway, and then in Australia, individuals at whom relation า/ล steadily kept at the level of 7,0 have been found. Watched them long enough, but the size of relation า/ล remained invariable. The subsequent researches in Sweden have shown that the probability of such phenomenon is rather high and in population occurs at one individual from 2000 — 3000. Thus, the average anti-doping laboratory could yield one or two false positive results a year.

Let's note that in the USSR there were also such athletes with high natural า/ล, one of which — the talented jumper in length showing stable results for 8 m is farther than a level, another — the famous fencer. They have been absolutely unfairly disqualified in the late eighties.

Therefore for full confidence in correctness (and justice!) positive testing for dope the additional method was necessary. The Finnish scientists in the 1970th years, observing the bodybuilders who were constantly using anabolic steroids have noted that they change a steroid profile: concentration of natural androgenic steroids decreases, ratios between androgenic and other steroids are distorted. On a hromatogramma where steroids are presented in the form of the characteristic sequence of peaks of various intensity, this distortion of a profile is evident. Quantitative calculation of ratios is possible, and studying of a steroid profile of athletes is that source of the additional information confirming use of testosterone and other strong anabolic steroids .

It should be noted, however, that such techniques of determination on testosterone are applicable only for men as the dispersion and cyclic fluctuations of ratios of hormones in a steroid profile of women don't allow to set statistically reliable borders between a regulation and a deviation from it.

Difficult and taking into account a steroid profile to otdifferentsirovat 5-a-dihydrotestosterone from testosterone. In Hiroshima in 1994 based on change of ratios of androstandiol in a steroid profile it was shown that all Chinese athletes and swimmers used dihydrotestosterone — the most powerful testosterone metabolite on anabolic action. Therefore methods of a research of presence at athletes of the forbidden steroids more and more become complicated and become eventually more sensitive. Unfortunately, the problem of a total ban of acceptance of androgenic steroids is complicated by the fact that testosterone, unlike the majority of anabolic steroids, avoided inclusion in the List of strong substances constituted by Permanent committee on control of drugs so its storage and transportation don't fall under operation of repressive mechanisms. And, at last, the largest, but at the same time not absolutely legal, producers of testosterone gradually switch to raw materials of a natural origin that significantly complicates application of methods of measurement of an isotope ratio in case of identification of doping violations.

Use by athletes of anabolic steroids as dope is strictly forbidden by the IOC, national and international sports federations. The fact of identification of anabolic steroids and their main metabolites in urine of athletes is considered as severe violation. Therefore responsibility of the analytical laboratory making similar analyses is very high. It means that the analysis shall have absolute reliability, to be the method confirmed and not raising any doubts. The highly sensitive and high-selective method is necessary for reliable identification and achievement of low thresholds of detection of anabolic steroids in so difficult matrixes what physiological liquids are. With respect thereto the medical commission of the IOC obliged the laboratories accredited by it to make the proteomny analysis of doping control samples or chromanti-terrorist operation method - mass spectrometry of high resolution, or with use of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and also a nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, the optical fluorescent analysis, radio immunological diagnostics, the immunofermental, radio receptor analysis and other diagnostic methods of molecular biochemistry.

OTHER ANABOLIC MEANS (the SUBCLASS S 1.2)

S 1.2 Lists of the forbidden substances and methods (2008) belong to a subclass klenbuterol, selective modulators of androgenic receptors (SARM), tibolon, zeranol, tsilpaterol. At the same time it is noted that the list of substances of this subclass isn't exhaustive.

SARM-X recommend to apply to the athletes specializing in strength sports, in particular, in bodybuilding: in case of body weight to 70 kg it is recommended to take no more than one pill a day, and over 70 kg — on two, one tablet in the morning and one evening. The rate of acceptance shan't exceed 60 days, then it is necessary to take a break in acceptance.

At the same time the scientific data concerning both efficiency, and safety of application of SARM-X in sports preparation in available literature are absent. Obviously, the fact of inclusion of this medicine in the List of the forbidden substances and methods makes impossible carrying out the corresponding scientific research.

Klenbuterol and tsilpaterol (zilpaterol) belong to the class of r2-adrenomimetik therefore their pharmacology is considered in appropriate section.

Zeranol isn't medicine. It is the highly effective synthetic anabolic steroid having estrogenic properties. Owing to the anabolic properties this substance is illegally used in livestock production for] stimulations of growth of muscle bulk and increase in comprehensibility of forages. According to researchers of several countries, after single introduction zeranol provides within 120 days of a surplus of live mass of bull-calves for 10%

Selective modulators of androgenic receptors (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, SARM) — rather new group of physiologically active agents which found the application in practice of sports preparation. The first